BIOL 1107 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Lectures 21 28 Lecture 21 March 28 Adaptation Heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in certain environments better than individuals lacking those traits Acclimatization Short term reversible responses to environmental fluctuations Tissues organs and systems A tissue is a group of cells that function as a unit An organ system consists of groups of organs and tissues that work together to preform one or more functions Lecture 22 March 31 I Tissues a group of cells that function as a unit a Connective cells loosely arranged in a liquid or solid extracellular matrix Loose serves as a packing material b w organs Dense found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles Supporting firm extracellular matrix provides structural support Fluid liquid extracellular matrix transports material throughout body b Nervous consists of nerve cells that contact other cells Short branching dendrites transmit electrical signals to cell body Long axons carry electrical signals from cell body to other cells c Muscle d Epithelial provide protection and regulate transfer of heat Form layers of closely packed cells Lecture 23 April 2 II Surface Area Volume Relationship a Rate at which gases nutrients and waste products diffuse across membrane depends on the amount of surface area b Rate at which nutrients are used and waste products are produced depends on the volume of a cell c As cells get larger its volume increases much faster than its surface area does III Metabolic Rate a The overall rate of energy consumption by an individual b Basal Metabolic Rate BMR the rate at which an animal consumes more oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions IV Adaptations that Increase Surface Area a Structure has a shape that increases its surface area relative to its volume b Flattening folding and branching are effective ways for structures to have high surface area volume ratios Lecture 24 April 4 Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively constant internal environment c Conformational homeostasis occurs by conformation to the external environment d Regulatory homeostasis requires a physiological mechanism that adjusts the internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated regardless of external conditions The epithelium plays a vital role in creating an internal environment that is different from the external environment Homeostasis controls temperature pH and other physical and chemical conditions so enzymes can function best in their narrow range of conditions Lecture 25 April 7 Conduction Direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other Convection Heat is exchanged between a solid and a liquid or gas Radiation Transfer of heat between two bodies that are not on direct physical contact Evaporation Phase exchange that occurs when liquid water becomes gas Lecture 26 April 9 Endotherm Produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue Ectotherm Relies on heat gained from the environment Homeotherms Keep their body temperature constant Heterotherms Can tolerate changes on body temperature Lecture 27 April 11 Concurrent Heat Exchangers are used as a way to conserve heat where the arteries and veins lie beside each other Heat flows freely from warm arteries to cool veins allowing heat that would otherwise be lost to the surroundings to be returned to the body Lecture 28 April 14 Small differences in heat along the length of the exchanger sum up to create a large overall temperature gradient from beginning to end The longer the system the greater the overall differential will be The systems are thus often referred to as countercurrent multipliers
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