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TAMU HIST 106 - White Supremacy
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HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture • The Plight of the Farmers19th c. Farmers’ WorldviewGrowth of Sharecropping and Tenant FarmingProblems in the Agricultural SystemCrop-lien SystemOne Crop AgricultureProblems for Agriculture in an Industrial SocietyRailroadsTaxation SystemAgricultural TrustsDeflationThe Currency Problem• Building a MovementThe GrangeThe Farmers’ AllianceOcala Meeting & DemandsThe Populist PartyThe Omaha Platform• The Election of 1896William McKinley vs. William Jennings BryanOutline of Current Lecture • The Rise of Jim CrowFrom de facto segregation to de jure segregation– Wilmington Race Riot of 1898– Disfranchisement laws• Whitening the WestDawes Act and attempted assimilation of IndiansChinese Exclusion Act• Nativism and New ImmigrantsShift from “old immigrants” to “new immigrants”Nativism: restriction, discrimination, assimilationCurrent Lecture1. The Rise of Jim Crowa. Segregation had to be imposed on the southi. It was a new ideaii. Had to be inventediii. Did not exist before Reconstruction, and took 30 years after to enact1. Took 40 years after to establish completelyiv. States rewrote constitutions with segregation1. Cities and towns wrote laws dealing with segregationv. Everything (schools, churches, transportation, restaurants) were segregatedb. Started with the populist (from last week’s lecture)i. Party threatened to steal votes from the democratsii. White democrats come up with plan to win back North Carolina 1. Used some strategies used by “White Redeemers” during reconstruction (terror)2. Said a vote for the populist party (mixed party of blacks and whites) was a vote for black ruleiii. Racist propaganda from democrats call on white men to “redeem” states from black rule1. Focused on dehumanizing blacks2. Democrats make up stories in newspapers about black men not wanting political power, but white womena. Said they were raping white womenb. Said if the populist or republican party supporters did not support the democratic party, they weren’t protecting their wives and daughters and weren’t being “real white men” i. Public calls for black lynchingc. Jim Crow Laws- segregated blacksi. Blacks were challenging the constitutionality of these lawsii. Thought the courts would never approve themd. From de facto segregation to de jure segregationi. De facto- By custom1. North already had2. Bad feelings towards blacks caused thisii. De Jure- By lawe. Wilmington Race Riot of 1898i. Democratic party wins electionii. Nov 10, 2000 whites march onto hall where Black newspaper was ran from and kill the editor (Alexander Manly- who had answered democratic newspaper ad that called for the lynching of black men and said that whites were “sowing their own seeds for harvest”)iii. Continue down street and open fire onto blacks (targeting middle class)1. All victims were blackiv. Mob ran by Democratic Alfred Waddel who appoints himself as governor of the cityv. Race riots become another tactic to instill fear into blacks and gain white supportf. Lynching- becomes means to intimidate blacksi. By 1890s, became a spectacle1. Political message2. Enforced white supremacyii. Became events for public to come and watchiii. Pictures were taken and sent in forms of post cardsiv. Were not just hanging- complete torture and mutilation of personv. Justified by “protecting white women”vi. Over 100 lynching’s per yearg. Disfranchisement lawsi. Mississippi passes first, all southern states soon followii. Takes away black men’s right to voteiii. Involved Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, Understanding Clause, Grandfather Clause1. Many only applied to blacks2. Came at discretion of person running poll (so whites would get easiertests)iv. Poll Tax- Kept most poor blacks and whites from voting1. Cumulative, so if you couldn’t pay one year, it was added the next yearv. Grandfather clause- Said if you couldn’t pass tests or pay tax, as long as you, father, or grandfather had voted before 1868, you could.1. Kept all blacks out, while still allowing poor white southernersvi. Made “all white primary”1. These were the only votes that counted, so blacks vote didn’t count anywayh. Plessy V Ferguson (1896)i. Plessy 1/8 blackii. Sat in all white compartment of trainiii. Conductor asks to move, he wontiv. Took it to supreme court1. Ruled segregation was okay, as long as separate facilities were “separate but equal”i. Williams v Mississippi (1898)i. Upholds disfranchisement laws and adopted into Mississippi constitution2. Whitening the Westa. Allotment- new policy designed to encourage Indian assimilation through farming and ownership of private propertyb. Dawes Act- 1887 (AKA- Dawes Severalty Act, General Allotment Act)i. Handed out land to individual Indians as private propertyii. Emphasized “severalty” (treating native Americans as individuals vs tribes)iii. Tried to break up tribesiv. Promoted assimilation1. Wanted them to dress, act, and talk like European settlersv. As soon as they broke ties with tribes, they got 160 acres and became US citizens automaticallyvi. To protect Indians from settlers, the government held most of the allotted land in a trust so the Indians couldn’t sell it for 25 years1. Trust far exceeded what was needed2. Government could sell excess land c. Attempted assimilation of Indiansi. Medicine men put in jailii. Ceremonies and dances outlawediii. Old tribal story telling prohibitediv. Policy makers said that for Indians to really be assimilated, kids would have to be taken from tribal life and put into separate boarding schools1. Eventually made a law2. “Kill the Indian in him and save the man”- Richard Pratt (founder of boarding schools)3. Children were not allowed to speak their native language, have traditional names (were given “white” names), believe old tribal religion (were made into devout Christians), or have traditional hair styles (long was cut short)d. Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882i. Provided absolute 10 year ban on Chinese laborers immigration1. Said skilled and unskilled laborers were included2. Non laborers entering country had to get special permissionii. New requirements on Chinese already in country1. If they left, they had to get certification2. Congress refused state and federal court the right to grant Chinese citizenship, yet they could deport themiii. First ban on immigration in the USiv. Made


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TAMU HIST 106 - White Supremacy

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