Review Activity This graded assignment is subject to the Virginia Tech Honor Code Sharing or posting any content from this assignment or using such shared or posted assignment content to answer assignment questions is a violation of the Virginia Tech Honor Code Chemistry of Life 1 Label the tonicity of the solution relative to the red blood cells The arrows show the direction of waterflow BIOL 1105 2 How does the structure and bonding of water give properties that help make life on Earth possible a Water molecules are polar b Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules c These bonds are key to each of the following properties of water cohesion Adhesion Water is less dense as a solid than it is a liquid Linking of like molecules Moderation of temperature is possible because of this Insulation of bodies of water happens when there is floating ice Easily to dissolve a wide range of substances 3 What are key macromolecules and their functions Macromolecule s Polymers Carbonxide Monomers Components Store energy Functions Protein Lipids Nucleotide Examples Sugars starch glycogen cellulose Fats oils Hemoglobin lipase DNA RNA Store energy transfer Store energy Page 1 of 7 Match the terms to the appropriate definitions Active transport Passive transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Facilitated diffusion Diffusion Concentration gradient D A E B C G F Descriptions DNA Structure A The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy B The process by which cells engulf external substances bringing them into the cell C The movement of molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels without the use of energy D The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient requiring energy E The release of substances from a cell when a vesicle merges with the cell membrane F The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas G The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration often through a semi permeable membrane 1 Which letter indicates the 5 end of the DNA A A 2 Which letter indicates the 3 end of the DNA B 3 What would you expect to find at E a If this was DNA b If this was RNA c Where would be the main structural difference be between a normal nucleotide a dNTP and a ddNTP used in sequencing How would this impact the ability to elongate a DNA strand being synthesized 4 If this was DNA and you were synthesizing this strand a Where would the next nucleotide be added Hint What direction does DNA get synthesized antiparallel b What kind of a bond would this be Phospheir bond 5 Circle the nitrogenous bases that could be indicated by letter C A T G C Page 2 of 7 6 Circle the nitrogenous bases that could be indicated by letter D A T G C 7 a If this piece of DNA was connected to another piece of DNA how would the second piece be positioned relative to this piece 7 b What type of bonds would connect the nitrogenous bases forming the rungs of the ladder between the two pieces Hydrogen bond 8 Which bond is stronger the bond from 4b or the bond from 7b Why does this make sense in terms of how DNA is replicated DNA Replication Transcription and Translation For each word below choose the identifying phrase that applies to it from the list below 1 DNA ligase E 2 Primer C 3 tRNA F 4 ribosome L 5 RNA polymerase M 6 Okazaki fragment H 7 Hairpin J 8 5 cap A 9 Introns I 10 Exons B 11 Transcription G 12 Translation D 13 DNA replication K 5 AUG 3 5 AUG 3 a Ends transcription in prokaryotes b translated into proteins c Needs to be in place for DNA polymerase to begin elongation d Has an anticodon on one end and holds an amino acid on the other e seals gaps in the DNA backbone f used for the stabilization of mRNA neither transcribed or translated g Operons control this process h Found only on the lagging strand of DNA i Transcribed but not translated j Composed of a large and small subunit k This process occurs during S phase of the cell cycle l The process by which nucleic acids are converted into amino acids m Binds to the promoter region of the DNA Write your answer to questions 14 16 in the 5 to 3 direction 14 If the template strand of DNA is 5 TAC 3 what will the newly synthesized mRNA be 15 If the coding strand of DNA is 5 ATG 3 what will the newly synthesized mRNA be Page 3 of 7 16 If the mRNA is 5 UGC 3 what will the matching anticodon be 3 ACG 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1 Red blood cells erythrocytes lack organelles nucleus mitochondrion etc but they are alive Which of the following would you expect to be active in red blood cells a Enzymes of glycolysis b Pyruvate dehydrogenase c Enzymes of the Kreb s cycle d Electron transport Complete the paragraphs with the corresponding word banks below The first step of cellular respiration is Glycolysis which begins with Glucose being broken down into two pieces This process generates 4 total ATP via substrate level phosphorylation Next pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into Acetyl COA The co A portion acts as a catalyst which brings the 2 carbons to the Kerb s cycle Here electron carriers are NADH and the carbon molecule is oxygen Carbon molecules are also released during this cycle in the form of CO2 The electrons on the electron carriers are then transferred to the ETC where their energy is used to drive water ions through inner membrane When the electrons reach the end of the ETC they are donated along with protons to the final electron acceptor and produce Finally the concentration gradient of H across the is used by proton pumps to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation In plants photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplast First during light dependent energy from the Sun in the form of photons is absorbed by chlorophyll in Photosystem II The excited electrons will leave this photosystem and are replaced by electrons generated by breaking down producing as a byproduct This pathway also an electron transport chain ultimately produces and NADPH which will be used during the cycle This cycle starts by fixing from the atmosphere The Electron carriers are and the carbon molecules are The product of the Calvin cycle G3P can be used to generate glucose which can in turn be used to generate energy for the plant cell in it s Word bank in alphabetical order ATP used 2x ATP synthase Acetyl CoA Calvin Chloroplast CO2 used 2x ETC Glucose Page 4 of 7 Glycolysis H Inner mitochondrial membrane Krebs Mitochondria