shared via CourseHero com This study resource was This study source was downloaded by 100000823340137 from CourseHero com on 05 17 2021 11 27 14 GMT 05 00 https www coursehero com file 27068605 PSY 105 Midterm Reviewdocx PSY 105 Perspectives in PsychologyMidterm ReviewKey Terms Chapter OnePsychology study of knowledge and realityBehaviour observable activities of an organism often in response to environmental causesMental Processes activities of our brain when thinking observing and using languageCulture set of shared beliefs and practices that are transmitted across generationsConsciousness personal awareness of ongoing mental processes behavioursVoluntarism theory in which will is regarded as the ultimate agency in human behaviourIntrospection method in psychological study involving careful evaluation of mental processes and how simple thoughts expand into complex ideasStructuralism attempt to identify all elements of consciousnessFunctionalism function of the brain and how it adapts to changing environmentsGestalt Psychology field of psychology arguing that we have inborn tendencies to structure what we see in particular waysUnconscious hypothesized repository of thoughts feelings and sensations outside human awarenessPsychoanalytic Theory belief that people s behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflictsBehaviourism branch of psychological thought arguing that psychology should study only directly observable behaviours rather than abstract mental processesStimuli elements of the environment that trigger changes in our internal or external stateResponse the way we react to stimuliPunishment an experience that produced a decrease in a particular behaviourReinforcement a learning process that increases the likelihood a given response will be repeatedHumanistic Psychology theory that sought to give greater prominence to special and unique features of human functioning Information Processing the means by which information is stored and operate internallyCognitive Psychology field that studies mental processes as forms of information processing or the ways in which information is storedClient Centered Therapy an approach to therapy based on the notion that the client is an equal and positive gains are made by mirroring client s thoughts and feelingsCross Cultural Psychology study of what is generally or universally true about human beings in regards to cultureCultural Psychology study of how cultural practices shape psychological and behavioural tendencies and influence human behaviourNeuroscience study of psychological functions by looking at biological foundations of those functions Sociobiologists theorists who believe humans have a genetically innate concept of how social behaviour should be organizedEvolutionary Psychology field of study believing that the body and brain are products of evolution and that genetic inheritance plays an important role in shaping the complete range of thoughts and behaviours shared via CourseHero com This study resource was This study source was downloaded by 100000823340137 from CourseHero com on 05 17 2021 11 27 14 GMT 05 00 https www coursehero com file 27068605 PSY 105 Midterm Reviewdocx Behavioural Genetics subfield of psychology looking at the influence of genes on human behaviourCultural Universality behaviours and practices that occur across all culturesAcademic Psychology branch of psychology focusing on research and instruction in the various areas or fields of study in psychologyApplied Psychology branch of psychology applying psychological principles to practical problems in other fields such as education marketing or industryClinical and Counselling Psychology study of abnormal psychological behaviour and interventions designed to change that behaviourCollectivist a culture whose members focus more on the needs of the group and less on individual desiresIndividualistic a culture that places the wants or desires of the person over the needs of the groupSocial Neuroscience study of social functioning and how it is tied to brain activityCognitive Neuroscience study of mental processes and how they relate to the biological functions of the brainBefore you go on Questions Chapter One1 How is behaviour different from mental processes How are they the same Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking processinginformation etc Behaviour is our observable activities that we project outwards The two are obviously very different due to the fact that one is happening internally and the other is happening outwards They are related because our mental processes affect our behaviours 2 What are the three levels of analysis in psychology The three levels are the brain the person and the group The brain is how brain structure and activity differs from each individual and situation The person is how an individual s mental processes form and influence behaviour The group is how behaviour is shaped by social and cultural environment 3 What did the earliest myths have in common with today s scientific studies Early myths sought out to explain or rationalize fundamental mysteries of life and are common among all cultures Theorists today believe that myths reflect the innate human need to understand people and the natural world Science is similar is this way because it represents our attempt to describe explain predict and control our reality 4 Greek philosophers who believed reasoning would uncover ideals or core ideas were focused on which aspect of psychology Early Greek philosophers took great steps forward in theories focussed on our core understanding of mental states and processes which would eventually become the building blocks of modern psychology 5 How did the Greek philosopher Hippocrates explain mental processes and behaviour How did Hippocrates research methods influence today s study of psychology shared via CourseHero com This study resource was This study source was downloaded by 100000823340137 from CourseHero com on 05 17 2021 11 27 14 GMT 05 00 https www coursehero com file 27068605 PSY 105 Midterm Reviewdocx He believed that individual s psychology was influenced by four vital fluids also known as humours These four fluids are blood black bile yellow bile and phlegm Collectively these fluids made up a person s well being and influenced their actions He tested his theory and because of his efforts academic study has become rooted in detailed scientific methods of study 6 What is