Transcribed By Angela Vivien Dela Cruz Lorraine Claire Lanuza Course Professor s Mr Luisito Salting Topics Nuclear Chemistry Transition Metals NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon vs Mass Number Looking at the half life N daughter Rate t The curve rises rather steeply for the elements The highest nuclear binding energies are for elements with atomic numbers between 40 and 100 This means that the net attractive forces between protons and neutrons are strongest for these elements lightest Iron has the highest nuclear binding energy nucleon Maximum value two elements cannot be combined anymore to create a new element If iron is reached another iron cannot be combined with other iron to create a new element The heaviest element the star can produce is iron Heavier elements than irons are synthesized in different ways Iron is the most stable nucleon Kinetics of Radioactive Decay energy or decaying to a new particle Rate of the reaction the original particle is releasing Kinetics determine how fast or slow the decay process is Radioactive decay happens because of the instability of the nucleus First Order Kinetics N the number of atoms at time t remaining amount N0 the number of atoms at time t 0 initial amount is the decay constant Half life Uranium Decay Series Some of the decay processes take many years such as the alpha decay of U 238 to Th 234 which takes 4 51 x 109 years Other processes in the series are much faster such as the alpha decay of Po 214 to Pb 210 which takes 1 6 x 10 4 seconds Dating By comparing the concentration or reactivity of Carbon 14 with old material and living organisms today dating can determine the age of an old object Not concentration dependent compared to other orders DELA CRUZ LANUZA BATCH 2024 Page 1 of 11 Transcribed By Angela Vivien Dela Cruz Lorraine Claire Lanuza Course Professor s Mr Luisito Salting Topics Nuclear Chemistry Transition Metals Radiocarbon Dating Fermium Z 100 is produced by bombarding U 238 with 17 neutrons Fm 255 is then prepared and eight beta particles are released Copernicium Z 112 is produced when lead 208 and zinc 70 react to produce Cn 277 and a neutron Nuclear Fission breakdown of bigger elements into smaller elements Carbon 14 is used to identify the age of an old organism for it remains constant in any living organism can be used in biological samples Uranium 238 Dating other than biological samples and very old material the half life of Uranium will take a very long time to Uranium can be also used because of its half life decrease its own into half Nuclear Transmutation It is the transformation of one element into another element by the use of radioactive Representative fission reaction elements An ion is introduced into the center of the accelerator The electric and magnetic fields are changed such that the particle moves in a spiral path until its velocity is very high Once it has enough energy it is guided out of the accelerator and allowed to react There are over thirty products of the decay series However the majority of products have masses around 105 amu and around 140 amu Nuclear Binding Energies of 235U and its fission products DELA CRUZ LANUZA BATCH 2024 Page 2 of 11 Transcribed By Angela Vivien Dela Cruz Lorraine Claire Lanuza Course Professor s Mr Luisito Salting Topics Nuclear Chemistry Transition Metals Nuclear Chain Reaction Self sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the critical mass the system will continuously have nuclear chain reaction as long as there are elements that will satisfy the critical mass If critical mass is achieved the neutrons can be captured by other uranium 235 atoms and even more nuclear fission can Recombining small elements to produce heavier Nuclear Fusion elements occur Schematic of an Atomic Bomb Additional Subcritical U 235 is located at the base of the bomb When the TNT is detonated the explosion forces the two regions of subcritical U 235 together forming a chain reaction that creates an amount much larger than the critical mass Subcritical an element wants to undergo fission immediately because it contains a large amount of energy Radicals very reactive substances Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Reactor from The control rods control the extent of the nuclear fission reactions that occur The heat the nuclear reaction is used to heat liquid water to steam The steam is then pumped out of the reactor to a steam turbine where it is used to produce electricity Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine DELA CRUZ LANUZA BATCH 2024 Page 3 of 11 Transcribed By Angela Vivien Dela Cruz Lorraine Claire Lanuza Course Professor s Mr Luisito Salting Topics Nuclear Chemistry Transition Metals Geiger Muller Counter an instrument used to detect radioactive material underground the presence of The ionization of the Ar gas causes a small current to form between the anode and cathode This current is amplified and used to create a clicking sound on the counter electrons Exchange Energy e Biological Effects of Radiation Transition higher energy level the promotion of electrons from lower energy level to transition metals are only capable for this transition metals do not follow the traditional electron configuration because it makes them more stable Coulombic Repulsion Energy c destabilizes the configuration higher the value of c less stable the configuration to compute for the c count the number of paired stabilizes the configuration phenomena where their it stabilizes the configuration because it can distribute the electrons exchange positions the electronic charge more evenly n electrons that have the same spin value For the electrons to be able to exchange their positions 1 Electrons should have the same energy 2 Electrons should have the same spin value The maximum amount of radiation that body can tolerate TRANSITION METALS COORDINATION COMPOUNDS DELA CRUZ LANUZA BATCH 2024 Page 4 of 11 Transcribed By Angela Vivien Dela Cruz Lorraine Claire Lanuza Course Professor s Mr Luisito Salting Topics Nuclear Chemistry Transition Metals Slater s Rule states that the nuclear effectivity being felt by the electron decreases as it moves further away from the nucleus the positive nucleus and the negative electron it parallels the concept of c and e Nuclear Effectivity is the force interaction between The nuclear effectivity of outer electrons is smaller weaker than the effective