INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2 LEC COLLEGE OF ALLIED SCIENCES STUDENT COUNCIL A Y 2023 2024 LONG TEST 1 LONG EXAM MIDTERMS FINALS REVIEWER BC CHM 312 BRYAN CHRISTIAN N DE LA ISLA OUTLINE I Topic 1 INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II Topic 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE III Topic 3 SIMPLE BONDING THEORY TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Buckminsterfullerene buckyball allotrope of carbon 20 hexagons 12 pentagons C60 RELATED FIELDS 1 Organometallic Chemistry bridges both fields by considering compounds with metal carbon bonds a Ex Complex hydrocarbon 2 Bioinorganic Chemistry bridges biochemistry and focus on inorganic chemistry and has an important medical applications 3 Environmental Chemistry studies both organic and inorganic compounds a Chlorophyll a similar to hemoglobin but with Mg as the metal Vitamin B12 Cobalamin b What is Inorganic Chemistry 1 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds their derivatives and a Carbon base b Example benzene pentene glycerol 2 a b Inorganic Chemistry the chemistry everything else of All the remaining elements in the periodic table as well as carbon Examples Azide ion CO2 N2O Figure 1 10 Biological Molecules Containing Metal Ions a Chlorophyll a the active agent in photosynthesis b Vitamin B12 coenzyme a naturally occurring organometallic compound Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Single double and triple Single double triple and quadruple bonds delta bonds are found maximum bonds are found Single sigma bonds Double sigma and Triple 1 sigma and pi bonds 2 pi bonds Has spd orbitals Maximum is delta bonds since quadruple bonds is in d e orbitals Hydrogen is nearly always bonded to a single carbon Hydrogen is encountered as a bridging atom between two or more atoms X H X Reviewer by Plantinos MJ Lanuza LC Dela Cruz AV BCH 3 1 1 BC CHM 312 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carbon is limited to a maximum coordination number of four Inorganic compounds can have central atoms with coordination numbers of five six seven and higher metals are bigger in size and can accommodate more than 4 Figures below has a coordination of 6 and 7 pentagonal pyramidal 4 coordinate carbon is 4 coordinate inorganic nearly always tetrahedral compounds can be tetrahedral or square planar Figure below shows a tetrahedral shape without a central atom Aromatic groups are Aromatic rings can bond to metals using their pi orbitals common and aryl groups can form sigma bonds to metals Note Delta shows how quadruple bonds look like Shows bridging hydrogen Alkyl groups acting as a bridge in the first compound 1st diagram with Ti has a 6 coordination number of 6 4th diagram shows a tetrahedral with no central atom 6th diagram shows B12H12 7th diagram with I has a coordination number of 7 2 a Icosahedral pentagonal pyramidal CONTRASTS WITH ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chemistry of elemental carbon and structures has flourished since the mid 1980s Discovery of fullerenes most notably buckminsterfullerene C60 Pentagon and hexagon shape Carbon nanotubes nanoribbons graphene and carbon wires Application nanoelectronics body armor drug delivery Material Science Reviewer by Plantinos MJ Lanuza LC Dela Cruz AV BCH 3 1 2 BC CHM 312 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY The atomic theory of Bohr is proven false but is still discussed 1926 1927 Quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg Includes revised theory of Bohr HISTORY OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Ancient times Gold and copper were the first metals 3000 BCE Silver tin antimony and lead were already used known 1500 BCE Iron colored glasses and ceramic glazes Iron was from the mediterranean Colored glasses were made from SiO2 or silica that has been contaminated Figure shows uranium salt in photographic plate shadow Industrial Revolution Chemical industry boomed specifically in the development of mineral resources Mining quality testings Early 20th Century Werner and Jorgensen made considerable progress on coordination chemistry of transition metals Also discovered the formula for coordination compounds 100 CE Alchemists in China Egypt and other centers of civilization attempted to transmute base metals into gold 1150 CE Gunpowder was used in Chinese fireworks 1600 CE Chemistry was beginning to take shape as a science 17th Century Common strong acids and salts and their reactions were known HCl Nitric Acid Sulfiric Acid etc 1869 the concept of atoms and molecules were well established periodic table was proposed by Mendeleev and Meyer Atomic Molecular theory The table below was based on the atomic weight World War II Need for inorganic chemists to work on military projects including the Manhattan Project Nuclear bomb was developed through fission 1950s Crystal field theory was expanded to ligand field 1955 Ziegler and Natta discovered organometallic theory catalysts for polymers Polyethylene 1962 First chemical reactions of xenon Xe is an inert gas it was discovered that it can react despite its stable nature thus inert still gases were changed into noble gases 1960s Discovery of anticancer activity of cisplatin 1896 Becquerel discovered radioactivity 1913 Studies of subatomic particles spectra and electricity led to the atomic theory of Bohr Reviewer by Plantinos MJ Lanuza LC Dela Cruz AV BCH 3 1 3 BC CHM 312 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TOPIC 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Year and Scientist Description 1803 John Dalton 1904 J J Thomson 1911 Ernest Rutherford Protons electrons and neutrons have not yet been discovered Billiard Ball model An atom is a ball like structure Plum pudding model Electrons are embedded in a sphere with charge Rutherford discovered the nucleus Gold foil experiment 1913 Niels Bohr Energy levels are in orbit with defined energy levels The diagram above shows the spdf orbitals from top to bottom its definitions are s sharp p Principal d diffuse f fundamental CATHODE RAY TUBE EXPERIMENT Magnet distorts the path of the ray Negative particles were discovered here Our f 3 sub particles electron was the first to be discovered 1926 Erwin Schrodinger Quantum mechanics were applied here because it starts with energy edit ko pa to THOMSON S MODEL Reviewer by Plantinos MJ Lanuza LC Dela Cruz AV BCH 3 1 4 Scientists knew that the whole sphere is neutral in charge therefore it is assumed that the entire volume is positive upon the discovery of negative charges This theory is proven incorrect BC CHM 312 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY RUTHERFORD S GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT SCHRODINGER MODEL In the second diagram we can see that some of the rays are deflected and some go back