1 Types of Data Numerical Data Quantitative measurements e g age salary Continuous measured on a scale vs Discrete countable units Categorical Data Qualitative labels or categories Ordinal Ordered or ranked e g education level Nominal No inherent order e g gender eye color Text Time Series Graphs Networks and Hierarchies Different types of data structures that require specialized visualization techniques 2 Transforming Non Numeric Data for Analysis Feature Analysis Turn images text and other non numeric data into numerical features to analyze e g pixel values for images Text Analysis Convert words into vectors using techniques like Latent Semantic Analysis LSA or word embeddings enabling visual similarity analysis 3 Visualization Basics Bar Charts and Pie Charts for categorical data Histograms for frequency distribution of continuous data Techniques to avoid common pitfalls like using too many bars in a bar chart which may shift analysis towards line charts 4 Advanced Chart Types for Complex Data Tree Maps Visualize hierarchical data with nested rectangles Sunburst Charts Radial layout of hierarchies Chord Diagrams Display relationships between groups Force Directed Graphs Visualize proximity based relationships 5 Data Smoothing and Filtering Techniques like box filtering and Gaussian filtering to reduce noise Understand anti aliasing for improving visual clarity in lower resolutions Switching to log scaling for wide ranging data distributions 6 Vector Graphics vs Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Pixel based and prone to loss of detail when resized Vector Graphics Formula based allowing smooth scaling without detail loss 7 Statistical Concepts in Visualization Selecting bin sizes for histograms and bar charts Aggregating categories to improve readability e g other categories for less important data 8 Key Tools and Libraries D3 js Core library for creating interactive visualizations Vega and Vega Lite Built on top of D3 Vega is more flexible while Vega Lite provides Tableau Visual analytics platform with a drag and drop interface suitable for rapid a more user friendly syntax prototyping and analysis