What is Clinical Research When researcher use the scientific method to uncover nomothetic principles of abnormal psychological functioning What is Nomothetic Understanding a general understanding of the nature causes and treatments of abnormal psychology in the form of broad laws and principles nomos meaning law or customs thetikos meaning relating to or putting in place Nomothetic meaning principles of abnormal functioning What is another name for a clinical researcher Clinical Scientists What do clinical practitioners see and idiographic or individualistic understanding of abnormal psychology What is the scientific method collect evaluate information through careful observation allowing on to pinpoint and explain a relationship between two variables What might We Research Diagnosis incidence and prevalence risk factors protective factos help seeking treatment mechanisms dose and response What is efficacy in relation to treatment how well treatment works under controlled conditions Clinical trial What is effectiveness in relation to treatment how well treatment works in everyday conditions Why are two measurement issues of research internal processes and cross culture equivalence What is Internal Processes mental process that occurs in one minds For example memory decision making process problem solving process etc You cannot directly observe What is Cross cultural equivalence that the method used to measure is valid cross culture What are three ethical issues of research informed consent confidentiality experimental research What is informed consent a simple clear explanation that one can easily understand the purpose procedures risk and benefits What is Confidentiality share only with permission private secured to protect participant what is Experimental Research experiment will not harm one physically or psychology one must explain after why certain things were done What are two validity issues of research internal validity and external validity What is internal validity results are due to the variable being tested and not another outlier control variable What is external validity the finding can be used to predict what would happen in the larger population it provides a bigger picture What are three methods of investigation case study correlation method experimental What is a Hypothesis a prediction that variable are related in some way one can draw conclusion as to why What is a Case Study detailed description of one s personal life and psychological state detailed indepth few participants commonly one Do case studies have validity they have low validity What form of research is a case study descriptive What is Tentative Support early findings suggest something might be true However it has not been fully proven Helps test ideas theories therapy techniques or provide insight to rare conditions such as dissociative identity disorder What are biased observers in research a researcher who reports results that favor their treatment because they have personal stakes to see it survive What is Subjective Evidence what one feels or believes What are the components Correlation method and experimental method have in common help investigators draw broad conclusion observe multiple individuals procedures are uniform uses statistical test to analyze results and determine if broad conclusions are justified What is Correlation the degree to which events or characteristics vary with one other What is the Correlation method Researcher procedure to determine the co relationship between the variables being tested Does Correlation imply causation No correlation does not produce causation but if two things do no co vary one cant be cause of other What does the Line of best fit indicate That the variables under examination are increasing or decreasing with one another for example variable 1 recent stress variable 2 depression increase together correlation What is negative correlation line of best fit slopes downwards to left one variable increases and other decreases for example variable 1 Depression variable 2 activity level greater ones depression lower activity lower depression higher activity What is unrelated correlation no consistent relationship between variable for example variable 1 Depression variable 2 IQ score shows no relationship between depression and intelligence What is positive correlation line of best fit slopes upward to right that variables under examination are moving in the same direction either increasing or decreasing with each other variable 1 depression scores variable 2recent life stress as recent stress increases depression increases Why is magnitude important strength of how closely two variables correspond What is high correlation as one variable changes the other changes in a similar consistent way person to person What is a correlation coefficient a numerical value that shows the magnitude and direction of relationship between two variables 1 to 1 What does a correlation of 0 mean there is no relationship between variable What does a correlation of 1 mean this is a perfect positive correction both variables increase together at the same magnitude and direction What does a correlation of 1 mean this is a perfect negative correction as one variable increase the other variable decrease the opposite way Advantages of correlation study higher external validity meaning shows bigger picture Disadvantages of correlation study internal validity lack meaning shows relationship between two variable but doesn t explain relationships due to third variable and directionality problem does not show which variable causes the other What is an example Directionality directionality doesn t show which variable causes the other for example as exercise increase mood increases does a good mood make people exercise or does exercise increase one s mood In what method is causation explained causation is explained by the experimental method What is experimental method researcher procedure in which one variable is manipulated and the manipulation effect is observed on the other variable What is the manipulated variable name independent variable What is the variable being observed dependent variable What are confounds variables other than independent variable which are removed that may be affecting the dependent variable co varies with independent variable What is a control group not expose to independent variable but experience is similar to control group What is an experimental group
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