Getting User Input and Concatenation The input function Used to get user input Returns a string value Can be concatenated with other strings Concatenation Joining two or more strings together Use the operator for concatenation Example name input What is your name print Hello name ValueError Occurs when an operation or function receives a value of an inappropriate type Example Trying to convert a string to an integer using the int function and the string does not contain a number age int input What is your age Displaying Results Use the print function Accepts any number of arguments Separate arguments with commas Age Calculator Concept Create a program that calculates a user s age Part 1 Page 1 Get user s birth year and current year Calculate the difference between the two Display the result using the print function birth year int input What year were you born current year int input What is the current year age current year birth year print You are str age years old Getting User Input and Concatenation Use the input function Get user input as a string Concatenate strings with the operator Display results with the print function Handle ValueErrors as needed Part 1 Page 2 Part 1 Page 3 Part 1 Page 4 Value Error TypeError caused by invalid value In Python a ValueError is a type of exception that is raised when an operation or function receives an argument of an inappropriate type This is typically caused by passing an argument of a type that is not expected by the function or operation One common example of a ValueError is the TypeError which is raised when an operation or function receives a value of an inappropriate type For instance consider the following code name John age thirty print f name is age years old This code will produce the following output John is thirty years old However this output is incorrect because the value of age is a string not an integer To fix this error we can use the int function to convert the string value of age to an integer name John age thirty age int age print f name is age years old This code will produce the following output John is 30 years old By using the int function we have converted the string value of age to an integer which allows the print function to correctly display the age of the person Other examples of ValueError include passing a string to a function that expects an integer or passing a list to a function that expects a dictionary In general to avoid ValueErrors it is important to ensure that the arguments passed to functions and operations are of the correct type Part 1 Page 5 It is also important to note that ValueErrors can be handled using exception handling techniques in Python This allows the program to continue running even if a ValueError occurs and provides a way to gracefully handle and recover from the error In summary ValueErrors are raised when an operation or function receives an argument of an inappropriate type To avoid ValueErrors it is important to ensure that the arguments passed to functions and operations are of the correct type Exception handling techniques can also be used to handle and recover from ValueErrors Part 1 Page 6 Part 1 Page 7 Part 1 Page 8 Displaying Results Usage of print function The print function is used to display results in Python Here s how to use it print Hello World displays the string Hello World print 5 3 displays the result of the arithmetic operation 5 print 5 3 displays the result of the comparison operation 5 3 3 You can also print the values of variables x 5 y 3 print x y displays the result of 5 3 Parameters and arguments You can specify additional behavior for the print function using parameters Here are some examples print Hello World sep displays the text Hello and World separated by a comma and a space print Hello World n displays the text Hello World followed by a newline print Hello World end displays the text Hello World without a newline Packages and Code Organization When working on larger projects it s important to organize your code into modules and packages to make it more manageable Here s how to do it To create a module save your Python code in a file with a py extension Part 1 Page 9 To create a package create a directory and put your modules in it To import a module or package use the import statement Implementing a Game User Makes a Guess Here s how to create a simple guessing game where the user has to guess a number Generate a random number using the random module Ask the user to input their guess Check if the guess is correct or not using an if statement Implementing Emoji Converter with Dictionaries Here s how to create an emoji converter using dictionaries Define a dictionary with emoji codes as keys and emoji characters as values Ask the user to input a message Replace emoji codes in the message with their corresponding characters using the dictionary Arithmetic operations in Python Python supports various arithmetic operations including Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus Exponentiation Strings and Character operations Python supports various string and character operations including Part 1 Page 10 Concatenation Repetition Slicing Length len Formatting format or f strings Random Module and its Methods The random module provides various methods for generating random values Here are some examples random randint a b generates a random integer between a and b random random generates a random float between 0 and 1 random choice seq generates a random element from a sequence If statements and decision making The if statement is used for decision making in Python Here s how it works if condition statement if condition indented statement if condition and condition statement if condition or condition statement if condition not condition statement Value Error Discusses the TypeError caused by invalid value The ValueError exception is raised when a function receives a value of an inappropriate type Here s how to handle it Use the try and except statements to catch the ValueError exception Part 1 Page 11 Print an error message to inform the user about the issue Age Calculator Concept Here s how to create a simple age calculator Ask the user to input their birth year Calculate their current age by subtracting their birth year from the current year Display the result using the print function Nested Loops Understanding these loops is essential for building structured and multi leveled iterations across data Nested loops are loops inside other loops