Concordia College Bahawalpur 1st Year English Punctuation Rules By Shan Ahmad Ch 1 Capitalization 1 The first letter of every English sentence begins with capital letter 2 The first letter of each line of each poetry begins with capital letter Examples We are good students Are they coming today Ahmad recited the Holy Quran She came in July last Examples What is this life if full of care We have no time to stand and stare No time to stand beneath the boughs And stare as long as sheep or cows capital Examples He saw me but I could not He said Help me O Allah 3 Wherever the pronouns I and O are used in sentence alone will always be written 4 The first letter of the names of languages days of the week and months is always written capital Examples French Persian Arabic English Urdu etc Sunday Monday Thursday Saturday etc January February March April etc 5 Season names usually do not start with capital letter Examples They met me in winter Flowers bloom in spring 6 Professional titles and Titles of books are always started with capital letters except conjunction articles and prepositions if sentence does not start with them Examples He works with Majid who has written A Guide to Political Theory I know Dr Sajid who has written a book The History of Islam 7 In direct speech both reporting speech and reported speech start with capital letter Examples He said I have learnt the poem by heart She said Let us go out for a walk 8 The attributes of Allah Holy Books Prophets goddesses deities titles of books and names of their chapters always start with capital Examples Allah the Almighty The Supreme Being Sura Faateh The Christ The Venus the Roman goddess of love and beauty The Mars The Roman god of war The Holy Quran The Bible The 9 All proper nouns start with capital letter Examples Name of Personalities Saeed Anwar Tariq Bin Zayad Ali Shahid etc Names of nations The Muslim The Sikhs The Iranians The British etc The Ravi The Sutlej The Chenab The Indus etc Names of rivers Names of roads Karachi Peshawar Link Road Khyber Pass G T Road Zafar Ali Khan Road etc The Muslim League The Pakistan people s Party The Democratic Party Names of political parties The names of the mountains K 2 The Himalayas Rock Mountain Atlas Mountain Hindu Kush Mount Everest The Asia Subcontinent Continent Europe Africa Antarctica etc The India Ocean The Red Sea The Mediterranean The Atlantic Ocean The Dead Sea etc The Cholistan Desert The Gobi Desert The Rajisthan Desert The Tharparkar Desert etc Names of continents The names of the seas Names of deserts Names of lakes Tarbela Lake Manjher Lake Saif ul Malook etc The names of the Gulf The Persian Gulf The Bay of Bengal etc Names of national and international organizations Pakistan Boy Scouts Association Punjab Public Service Commission World Health Organization Federal Public Service Commission etc Names of places or places in terms of geographical regions and the specific geographical distribution of a country The Punjab Northern Areas The Middle East etc Names of historical places events or movements The Freedom Movement The Battle of Panipat The French Revolution The Taj Mahal etc Names of public or private institutes The State Bank The Legislative Assembly The Supreme Court The National Assembly The Punjab Assembly etc Names of Historical periods The Middle Ages The Renaissance Period The Mughal Period The Umayyad Period The Abbasid Period etc 10 Proper nouns and adjectives formed from them should be written with capital letter Examples 1 Milton Miltonic 2 Pope Popean 3 Shakespeare Shakespearean 4 Iqbal Iqbalian 5 Lahore Lahori 6 Chishtian Chishti 11 The names of books newspapers magazines articles and stories start with capital letter Examples 1 The Merchant of Venice The Sealed Nectar etc 2 The News The Pakistan Times The Dawn etc 3 The Press Review The Zindagi The Economist etc 4 Train Journey Felling Trees Sense of Humour etc 12 The names of galaxies and planets start with capital letter Examples The Venus The Saturn The Mars The Jupiter the Milky Way etc 13 If earth moon and sun are not used with other planets then they do not start with capital letter Examples The earth revolves around the Sun Incorrect The earth revolves around the sun Correct The Sun is rising Incorrect The sun is rising Correct mother start with capital letter Examples Father I have done my duty Mother please give me a cup of tea letter 14 If the father and mother are directly addressed in sentence then the father and 15 If name is written after sister brother uncle aunt then it will be written in capital Examples My Uncle Anwar is coming today His Aunt Ayesha has just arrived My Brother Ali has done his B A 16 Trademarks always start with capital letter Examples He has sold his Honda Civic car Abuzar has bought a new Yamaha motorcycle 17 Abbreviations are always written in capital letters But if one letter is accompanied by another letter it will be written in small If the letters are separate then each letter will be written in capital form and after them we will use full stop Examples F A B A M A Ph D M B B S Prof Maj Gen Dr Mrs Ms 18 If the names of intangible or inanimate objects abstract nouns are used for personification of something then we will start with capital It means that when these words will be used as nouns then we will start them with capital letter Examples No one can change the decree of Fate It is said that Love is blind It is said that Beauty is short lived 19 The names of the following religious or educational organizations and buildings if used with a proper noun will start with capital If used alone will start with a small letter Examples academy school college university masjid institute cathedral chapel etc Concordia College Students Inn Academy St Paul s Cathedral Lahore Crescent High School The Apex Oxford School Fatimid Institute of Sciences London School of Economics Sadiq Masjid Badshahi Masjid The Islamia University Sadiq Egerton College etc 20 If the following words are part of a proper noun or used as a proper noun they start with capital letter Examples Beach valley sea road river range port plateau peak pass mountain park ocean harbour highway hill island lake lighthouse mount dock forest fork fort glacier gulf desert dam channel canal camp etc The Swat Valley The Sutlaj River The Nile River The Andaman Island The Tarbela Dam The Beard More Glacier The Deman Glacier East Antarctica The Hyde Park The Lahore Dry Dock The Mount Everest The Atlantic Ocean