Neuroanatomy Module 1 Study Guide ES OT 344 NEUROANATOMY 10th Edition STUDY GUIDE Unit I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM LECTURE VIDEO I A Planes of the Body Orientation and Stained vs Non Stained sections Neuroanatomy is the study of the nervous systems anatomy More specifically it emphasizes the central nervous system and studies its structure and function STRUCTURES that you are REQUIRED to know and be able to name and to identify are listed in BOLD AND CAPS and highlighted in YELLOW in the Study Guides handouts These are the items you will need to know for quizzes and exams Note During quizzes and exams you will not be penalized for minor spelling mistakes You will however be penalized if we cannot decipher your hand writing REQUIRED PAGES in the Neuronatomy Atlas 10th Edition and Bear 4th Edition textbook required for ES OT 342 are listed in each unit Pages from the 9th Edition appear in BLUE FONT Values in RED font are from the E book 1 PLANES OF THE BODY are a b c CORONAL FRONTAL plane Atlas Chapter 5 pp 75 84 or Fig 5 1 to 5 9 9th Ed Chapter 5 PP 75 84 Note that when looking at the coronal images in the Atlas the cross sections are shown as if looking directly at the patients face Therefore the left side of the brain is shown on the right and the right side of the brain is on the left SAGITTAL plane Atlas pp 28 29 Fig 2 29 2 30 only mid sagittal is shown 9th Ed p 26 28 29 TRANSVERSE AXIAL or HORIZONTAL plane Atlas Chapter 5 pp 85 91 or Fig 5 10 to 5 18 9th Ed pp 85 91 Note that when looking at the transverse images in the Atlas the images appear as if looking at the section from the patient s feet like an MRI Therefore the left side of the brain is shown on the right and the right side of the brain is on the left 1 Neuroanatomy Module 1 Study Guide IS THE KEY TO IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 2 ORIENTATION TERMINOLOGY You are likely familiar with the terms dorsal ventral posterior and anterior from previous anatomy courses Recall that dorsal posterior and ventral anterior These relationships remain true for the spinal cord Terminology used to describe location of a structure is DORSAL POSTERIOR back VENTRAL ANTERIOR front SUPERIOR CRANIAL upper INFERIOR lower ROSTRAL nose end CAUDAL tail end 3 STAINED VS UNSTAINED SECTIONS Recall from your previous biology courses that a neuron the excitable cell of the nervous system consists of a cell body and an axon We refer to the cell body as the cell body and the axon as the fiber Cell bodies and fibers take on different coloration in stained and unstained sections The value of the stain therefore is that it allows you to differentiate the location of different parts of the neuron During the course of the semester we will be looking at both stained and unstained sections so it is important to know the difference i UNSTAINED SECTIONS Chapter 2 Figs 2 8 2 11 2 14 2 17 2 26 2 29 2 30 9Th Ed pp 14 16 18 20 26 28 29 10Th Ed Chapter 2 pp 14 16 18 20 26 28 29 are all unstained AXONS FIBERS in an unstained section appear white hence white matter of the brain because axons are surrounded by myelin a white lipid rich fatty white in color substance Myelin increases the speed of conduction of the action potential CELL BODIES on the other hand appear gray hence gray matter of the brain because they are NOT covered by myelin In your Atlas p 28 Fig 2 29 28 in this mid sagittal section ID the body of the CORPUS CALLOSUM Here in the un stained section it is white or pale because it is composed predominately of axons The corpus Callosum is a bridge of axons commissure that connect the left and right hemispheres thus made up of axons which appear white because of their myelin covering Now ID a specific gyrus of the cerebral cortex the cingulate gyrus which lies superior to the body of the corpus callosum The CINGULATE GYRUS appears gray because its outer covering the cortex is comprised predominately of cell bodies 2 Neuroanatomy Module 1 Study Guide ii STAINED SECTIONS section NOT the section in the upper right corner In a stained section The large section in the Haines Atlas p 163 Fig 6 35B is a stained FIBERS appear dark brown or black darker increase in myelin because the myelin absorbs the stain whereas now CELL BODIES appear white or tan in appearance In your Atlas on p 163 Fig 6 35B 163 a coronal section again ID the body of the CORPUS CALLOSUM CC In contrast to what you noticed in the unstained section above now the CC appears dark because it is composed predominately of axons and the myelin covering the axon absorbed the stain making it dark in appearance Immediately superior to the body of the CC ID the CINGULATE GYRUS Here the outer covering of the cingulate gyrus is composed predominately of cell bodies therefore it appears light or pale tan NOTE Coloration can therefore aid in the ID of a structure For example if you are looking at a stained section and need to ID the body of the corpus callosum you already know it is composed predominately of axons or fibers orient yourself to the section and look for a structure with the appropriate dark color 3 Neuroanatomy Module 1 Study Guide LECTURE VIDEO I B NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW The nervous system is composed of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PNS The CNS is composed of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD More specifically the CNS consists of 7 major areas i CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES TELENCEPHALON ii DIENCEPHALON iii MIDBRAIN iv PONS v MEDULLA OBLONGATA vi CEREBELLUM vii SPINAL CORD The BRAINSTEM consists of the midbrain pons and medulla The PNS is composed of i SOMATIC DIVISION PERIPHERAL and CRANIAL NERVES ii AUTONOMIC DIVISION has 3 subdivisions SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM handles body s response to stress flight and fight PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM restores body to its resting state and conserves resources ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM controls function of gut smooth muscle THE CEREBRUM The cerebral hemispheres telencephalon consists of CEREBRAL CORTEX the gray matter cell bodies remember the cortex is the outer layer CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER fibers neural axons The cerebral white matter contains myelinated fibers 4 Neuroanatomy Module 1 Study Guide In your Haines Atlas p 80 Fig 5 5 80 the top center section is a coronal section Is this a stained or unstained section The top of the section is ID the direction In this coronal section ID the cerebral cortex and the cerebral white matter Information travels to different locations by the cerebral white matter the fibers or more correctly