how we learn how personal experiences shape personality drug addiction Brain development how brains adapt to injury Effect of neurological diseases on brain how we feel pain NEUROANATOMY BRAIN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL WORLD 100 BILLION NEURONS HUMANS LOSE NEURONS AS THEY GROW UP DENDRITES RECEIVE INFO CELL BODY PROCESS AXON TRANSMITS INFO GLIA SUPPORT NEURONS 1 TRILLION 10 GLIA FOR EVERY NEURON CURRENT RESEARCH SUGGEST 1 1 RATIO COLLECTION OF NEURONS BRAIN NUCLEUS COLLECTION OF NUCLEI BRAIN REGION NUCLEI COMMUNICATING BRAIN CIRCUIT GREY MATTER groups of cell bodies WHITE MATTER axons traveling to different regions Rostral front Dorsal top Ventral bottom Caudal back What are the four goals of neuroanatomy Regional specificity distinction btw regions within regions Connectivity Function Species differences 2 CONNECTIVITY USE OF DIRECTIONAL LABELING PUT DYE IN AND SEE WHEN IT GOES OR COMES FROM RETRO AXON TO DENDRITES ANTERO DENDRITES TO AXONS PAUL BROCA SPEECH AREA WERNICKE SPEECH COMPREHENSION AREA 2B ANIMAL MODEL STUDIES ELECTRICAL STIMULATION Structures below the cerebral cortex Caudate Putamen Striatum Motor control Schizophrenia Parkinson s Disease Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Nucleus Accumbens Motivation Drug Addiction Amygdala Emotion Fear Thalamus Main Connection Site Hypothalamus Feeding Fight or Flight Sex Behavior Hippocampus Learning and Memory PARKINSON LOSS OF DOPAMINE NEURONS FROM SUBSTANTAIA NIGRA FMRI BLOOD FLOW DIFFUSION MRI WATER MOVEMENT WITHIN AXONS CONNECTION BTW BRAIN REGIONS AND IDENTIFYING PATHWAYS BETWEEN BRAIN THE HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT Salts are the key to electrical communication in neurons Sodium na Potassium k Chloride cl Calcium ca2 But when you separate charge by creating a BARRIER you form a battery Cell membrane battery Sodium is restricted to the OUTSIDE of the neuron Potassium is concentrated INSIDE of the neuron Ion pumps keep sodium Na ions out of the cell and pump potassium K ions into the cell At rest the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside of the neuron Neurons communicate electrically by briefly having the inside becoming more positive than the outside Na channels open and close then K channels open and close to cause the action potential An action potential is a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane An action potential occurs very quickly approximately in 0 001 seconds 1msec Action potentials occur or they don t meaning that the height and duration of the AP does not change Channels produce the AP Pumps maintain the separation of Na and K allowing APs to occur over and over again LOCATION is critical as the charge difference across the membrane changes with location Action Potentials only occur where Na and K channels are present The AP starts at the cell body and travels down the axon If the axon is myelinated APs in axons only occur at unmyelinated Nodes of Ranvier You get electrical gradients in dendrites due to chemical neurotransmission instead of all or none Neuroscientist UCSF Pioneer in the field of Cortical Plasticity Detailed Brain Maps in various sensory systems Created Fast for Word and Posit Science Developing various brain training programs for Led in the development of the Advanced Bionics Clarion cochlear implant CH 3 REDESIGNING THE BRAIN Michael Merzenich 1942 children and adults Frontal lobe movement Impulse control Judgment Temporal lobe hearing Emotion Language Parietal lobe spatial processing Touch sensation Occipital lobe vision Vernon Mountcastle 1918 2015 Famous for his discovery of the organization of the cerebral cortex Columnar Organization all neurons in a vertical cross section of cortex respond to the same sensory signal Six layers of neurons in the cerebral cortex from top to bottom We now know 80 000 neurons per cortical column 1x1x3mm Cortical column building block of cerebral cortex Canadian Neuroscientist Nobel Prize Laureate with Torsten Wiesel in 1981 Famous for discoveries outlining the neuronal processing that occurs within the visual cortex Also determined the development for visual information from each eye to map onto the David Hubel 1926 2013 cerebral cortex Torsten Wiesel 1924 Swedish Neuroscientist Nobel Prize Laureate with David Hubel in 1981 Famous for discoveries outlining the neuronal processing that occurs within the visual cortex Also determined the development for visual information from each eye to map onto the cerebral cortex All neurons in a single cortical column respond to the same stimulus Different cortical columns respond to different stimulus In the adult each cortical column only receives input from one eye Brain areas increase in size if they receive more input