1 IntroductionOfHumanAnatomy GeneralAnatomy Prof G PPalIntroductionlectureismeantfornewlyadmittedstudentinmedicalcolleges Anatomywilljusttellyouhowourbodyisconstitutedwhatisthestructureofourbody Biochemistryandbiochemistrywilldealwiththefunctionsofthehumanbodythatisveryimportanttothebody Allthreesubjectsarealsoknownasthebasicmedicalsciences Toknowwhetheranystructureofthebodyandorganisnormalornotyouhavetolearnanatomy Tounderstandthefunctionanddiseaseyouwillhavetounderstandanatomyphysiologyandbiochemistrynowthenwenowconcentrateonlyonthesubjectofanatomyokaysojustforthetimebeingwewilljustdealwiththehumananatomysubject Therearefourbranchesofhumananatomywhichyouaresupposedtolearninthefirstyearofmedicalscience Thegrossanatomymeansthestructurewhichyoucanseebythenakedeyewithoutthehelpofthemicroscope Thecategoricanatomyisthemostimportantwillbethecadaver Thecategoricanatomyistheanatomylearnedbythedeadbodybutthelivinganatomyislearnedbyalivingperson Thegrossanatomycanbeverywellseenbythenakedeyebutatthesametimeyouwillalsolearnlivinganatomy Thehistologyisthemicroscopicanatomyandembryologyarethedevelopmentalanatomy Grassanatomyisdefinedasthestudyofthestructurethatcanbeseenwiththenakedeye Thevariousstructureofbodyandtheirinterrelationshipcanveryeasilybestudiedbythediffbythedissectionmethodthatwasourdefinitionoftheanatomy Mostofthedeadbodieswhichwereceiveintheanatomyforthedissectionstheyaredonatedbodiesandbecauseofthatnowmoreandmorepeoplehavestarteddonatingtheirdeadbodies Ifyouarelearningthegrossanatomythathastwodifferentmethodsoflearningthefirstmethodissystemicanatomythatmeanswherewhereyourteachercanteachyousystemaftersystemthatmeansfirstcardiovascularcircularandcirculatorysystem Thesecondmethodiscalledasregionalanatomywhichmeansyoustudythehumanbodystructurefromregiontoregionforexample Mostofthedepartmentsinindiateachyouthex raysafterthecompletionofthatregionsayforexampleheadandneckregion Theknowledgeofanatomywhenitisusedinyourclinicalpracticeonyourpatientthatiscalledastheclinicalorappliedanatomybothlivingandclinicalanatomywillbetaughttoyoualongwiththecadavericanatomy Humangrossanatomyorcategoricanatomyconceptcanonlybelearnedverywellifyoulearnthegeneralanatomyfirst Thegeneralanatomyprovidesthebasicconceptofthegrossanatomywithoutunderstandingthegeneralaspectofthegrassanatomywhichwillbetaughtinthis10to12lecturesinthebeginning Themedicalcouncilofindiaaccordingtothenewcurriculumtheconcept basedmedicaleducationtheyhaveincludedtheelectronmicroscopytotheofvarioussystemsofthebodynowhistologyistaught Theembryologydealswiththedevelopmentofanindividualfromconceptiontoadultformthatisuptotheyoubecomeadult 3 AnatomicalTerminologyII GeneralAnatomy Prof G PPalThisisalectureintheseriesofgeneralanatomyandthetitleofthislectureisanatomicalterminologytermsofposition Whatwearegoingtolearnisabouttherelationshipofonestructurewiththatoftheotherstructureofbodyandforthattherearethefixedtermstermsmeanswordthereisadifferentvocabularywhichwilldescribetherelationshipamongthestructures Thetermanteriormeanstowardsthefrontsideofthebodyandtheoppositeisinferior Thetermanteaissimilartothatoftheventralandoppositeofanterior superiormeanstowardsheadorupperpartofanystructureiscalledassuperiorwhiletheoppositemeaningwillbeinferiorinferiormeanstowardsfootorfeet Themedianplaneistheplanethatisknownasthemedianplanewhichdividesthebodyintoequalhalfrightandleftokaysonowherethetwotermsaremedialandlateralmedialmedial medialmeansanythingwhichisnearertomedianplane lateralmeansanythingthatisawayfromthatofmedianplaneforexamplehereisthedouble headedarrow Anythingwhichistowardstherootofthelimbiscalledasproximalandanythingwhichisawayfromtherootiscalleddistal Anypointinbetweenthetwowillbecalledastheintermediateokayintermediateagaintheoppositemeaningagaininpairokaysothesearethetermsofrelationshipwhichwillbeusedtodescribetherelationoftwostructures Therearetwotermspairoftermsoneissuperiorandinferioranotherismedialandthelateral Acombinationofthesetwotermswillbeusedforexamplethepointinthenamewillbecalledassupromedialwhybecauseitissuperior Itissuperiorbutthispointisnotascomparedtothispointtowardstheheadsoitisinferior Asimplediagramofapersonisnecessarytolearnthethesetermsofrelationship Theserelativetermsdefinethepositionoftwostructureinrelationtooneanother Layman stermitisbuttockregionandthisisclosetotheenergyaspectofthethigh Thethirdtermisipsilateralthatmeansitisthatwherethetwostructurestheyareoccurringonlyononesidestructuretheyoccurontheydon toccurontheoppositeside Thetwopartsoflargeintestineascendingcolumnandthedescendingcolumnarecalledcontralateralforexampleagain Thenextvideowillbeonthetermsofmovementsmovementsoccurringinthebodyokayatthejointsatvariousjoints Theremaybemanyothertermsdescribedinmanybooks 6 AnatomicalTerminologyIII GeneralAnatomy Prof G PPalThisisthethirdintheseriesofanatomicalterminology Thislectureisonthetermsofmovements thevariousmovementwhichtakesplaceatvariousjointinhumanbodyarerecognizedinmedicalsciencebyspecificnamesbythepeoplewhoareworkinginthehealthprofessions Thesearethewordswhichdescribethesemovementsarecalledastermsofmovement theanglebetweentheforearmandarmisreducedhere Seethisangleislessascomparedtothisanglebetweeninnerasyouwerestandinginanatomicalposition soyouarebringingtheformtowardsthearm andherethetoothanteriororflexorsurfaceofforearmandthearmtheyarecomingclosetoeachother andangleisreducedbetweenthighandthatofthelegokaythighandtheleg Themovementsarecalledastheabductionandadduction abductionandaddiction Thesearemostlyusedinrelationtothelimbs buttheabductioncanalsobeusedtothetrunkwhenyourtrunkmovestotheoneside thetermsarelittledifferentthanflexionandextension butithelpustorememberthatdarcymeanstwodorsalsurfaces Theycomecloseto AdductionadductionmeansaddadoubleDandyouknowwhatisadd adductionmeanswheretwolimbstheyareaddedtoeachotherlikethatthatwayyoucanrememberwhatisthemeaningofadduction Thepartmovestowardsthemedianplanehere thepartismovingthatlimb upperlimborlowerlimb Fromthisabductedpositionisgoingbacktothesameposition anatomicalpositionthatiscalledasaddiction inversionmeanswhenthesoulofthefoodfaceslaterally Thisiscalledaseversunokay Sorememberininmeanstowardsinsideandyoumeansaretheoutsideokaysoinversionande version Whenyouwilldrawthisdiagram youwillunderstanditokayjustdrawarubdiagramandtrytounderstandthedirectionofthemovement SomedialmovementisofthesoulImeanfootwherethesoulfacesmedially isinversion themovementofforearmandhandiscalledthepronationandsupination thesupinationiswillbecalledwhenthepalmfacesanciently