2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Terms solution s pulling power 1 NURS 3632 EXAM 5 NDEE STUDY GUIDE concentration of particles in a solution or a electric charge when dissolved in solution substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an ion that carries a positive electric charge ion that carries a negative electric charge substance dissolved in a solution liquid holding a substance in solution abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane usually against a pressure gradient and with the expenditure of metabolic energy movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes 10 Active Transport tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established having about the same concentration as the solution with 11 which it is being compared 12 semipermeable membrane 13 is being compared two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure across a Hypertonic having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it Osmolarity Electrolyte Cation Anion Solute Solvent Ascites Osmosis Diffusion Isotonic 14 the action or process of filtering something 1 15 accumul ation of fluid in extracellular spaces Hypotonic Filtration 2 FLUID A Describe the location and functions of body fluids their distribution including the factors that affect variations in fluid compartments Edema 40 20 Distribution Location Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluAid cFoluuid nthtat tissue cells and 2lym0p c surrounds h for of plasma bovadscyular system adult weCiegrehbrtospinal Intravascular fluidFound within the Transcellularpericardial synovial intraocular pleural fields Function Helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products Liquid component of blood Lubricates parietal and visceral surfaces to decrease friction 16 Fat muscle holds more fluid B Describe the basic concepts of body fluids electrolytes and maintenance of homeostasis 3 muscle 17 What is the primary body fluid a water a 60 18 What is the total body percentage of fluid in the average adult 19 What factors influence the percentage of body fluid in an individual a Age body fat sex 20 How are body fluid levels maintained a Fluid intake is regulated by the mechanism Within the the thirst center is stimulated by dehydration thirst hypothalamus intracellular ions 21 the loss of or deprivation of water from the body or tissues 22 substances that are capable of breaking into particles called Intracellular dehydration Electrolytes 23 Sodium potassium calcium hydrogen and magnesium are major anions cations in the body and chloride bicarbonate and phosphate are the major anions cations Cations anions 24 Major electrolytes in the potassium phosphorus and magnesium while major electrolytes in the include sodium chloride calcium and bicarbonate C Describe the function of water in the body 25 What is the function of water in the body a Regulates body temperature b Transports i Nutrients ii waste iii Energy to sites of activity c Lubrication of i ii joint spaces tissue 26 Why do fluids move a To remove waste b Cells to feed themselves c Send and receive messages d Chemical substances 4 d Solvent for electrolytes and non electrolytes e Facilitates digestion elimination f Maintains hydrostatic pressure in cardiovascular system Explain regulatory mechanisms of fluid balance 27 What are the regulatory mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis a Hormones 28 What hormones regulate fluid and electrolyte homeostasis a b ADH vasopressin ANP c d RAAS Anti diuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide Aldosterone Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin System 29 What three mechanisms in the body help to regulate blood volume blood pressure a The stimulates fluid retention via the stretch receptors in the atria and blood vessels heart b The secretes aldosterone which causes Na and water to be reabsorbed and K excreted c The stores and releases ADH which causes the reabsorption of water Adrenal gland cortex Pituitary gland 30 What factors trigger the hypothalamus to initiate the compensatory mechanism for dehydration a Increased serum osmolarity 5 b Decreased blood volume Describe the signs and symptoms of fluid imbalance Interventions 31 What are the signs and symptoms associated with fluid imbalance a The pt may have a low grade fever b HR RR BP ortho hypo weak thread pulse dizzy light headed flat neck veins c Skin Color moisture turgor d Oral Mucosa dry cracks fissures deep furrows thick sticky coating 32 What observations can the nurse visualize during assessment that indicate dehydration skin tenting a Dry oral mucosa furrowed tongue cracked lips poor skin turgor 6 Explain assessment of fluid status 33 How is fluid status assessed a A pt s fluid status is assessed by examining lab values 34 What lab values are associated with dehydration overhydration a BUN Creatinine plasma osmolarity hemoglobin hematocrit 35 Lab values specific gravity urine osmolarity a 10 20 mg dL b 0 5 1 2 BUN blood urea nitrogen Creatinine 36 What is creatinine a Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle and protein breakdown 37 How is GFR calculated a Age ethnicity gender weight height creatine If the body is not excreting waste products there is damage to the kidney b 285 295 c 12 16 gm dL d 35 47 gm dL 7 plasma osmolarity hemoglobin hematocrit e 1 005 1 030 f 300 900 mOsm L 38 What lab provides insight to the quality of kidney functioning a Glomerular filtration rate 39 T F Increased BUN and HCT is indicative of dehydration specific gravity urine osmolarity True D Discuss and define the processes involved in fluid and electrolyte balance 40 Through what sources does the body receive water a The body receives water from i Ingested liquids food and as a byproduct of metabolism 41 What are processes involved in fluid and electrolyte balance a The processes involved in maintain fluid and electrolyte balance are i ii iii iv v Organs body system osmosis diffusion active transport capillary filtration 42 What are some risk factors for the development of fluid electrolyte imbalance a Acute illness i Vomiting and diarrhea ii Severe burns iii Serious injury or trauma chronic kidney disease b Surgery c Poor nutritional intake 43 What are the physiological consequences of fluid deficit and its effect on the body a A deficient fluid volume results in When a pt