211BIT1101 Biology For Engineers UNIT 5 Kalasalingam academy of research and education Syllabus Role of biology in the development of next generation technology Bio Inspired Inventions Digital Camera Eye comparison Kingfisher Bullet trains Bird Aircraft comparison Artificial immune system and swarm robotics Cardiovascular Respiratory Renal system 3D bio printing Biochip Muscular System Bio robotics Sensory organs electronic nose electronic tongue electronic skin Nervous System Artificial neural networks Biosensors Bioinformatics Biophilic Design Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Unit 5 Unit 1 Outline Lesson 1 Role of Biology in next generation Lesson 2 Bioinspired inventions Lesson 3 Artificial Neural Networks Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Course Progress use before starting new lesson Lesson 1 Role of biology in the development of next generation technology Lesson 2 Bioinspired Inventions Lesson 3 3 D Bioprinting and Biosensors Lesson 4 Sensory Organs Lesson 5 Artificial Neural Network and Bioinformatics Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Role of biology in the development of next generation technology Developments in various fields of Technology influences Biology Provides tools for analyzing biological problems At the same time biology also influences the development of novel technologies Hence Technology and Biology should enjoy a happy marriage to have a great development for the science and society Kalasalingam academy of research and education BIT18R271 MICROBIOLOGY Biomimicry Biomimicry is a type of innovation where scientists and engineers look for solutions to the challenges that face human beings by using the patterns of nature Nature has configurations that are time tested and accurate Human beings aim to create processes that will be sustainable for the future generations and the later life on earth There are many instances where biomimicry has solved problems in the natural world In engineering biomimicry applies because nature inspires designs like navigation vessels ships among other creative and innovative products Nature acts an inspiration for many designs and innovations Main innovations include how camera works based on eye how airplanes have taken the shape of birds COURSE NAME Kalasalingam academy of research and education Image courtesy https www airbus com newsroom news en 2018 01 biomimicry engineering in nature s style html Human Eye Camera Human eye wonderful instrument relying on refraction and lenses to form images Many similarities between the human eye and a camera including a diaphragm to control the amount of light that gets through to the lens This is the shutter in a camera and the pupil at the center of the iris in the human eye a lens to focus the light and create an image The image is real and inverted a method of sensing the image In a camera film is used to record the image in the eye the image is focused on the retina and a system of rods and cones is the front end of an image processing system that converts the image to electrical impulses and sends the information along the optic nerve to the brain Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Human Eye Digital Camera The way eye focuses light is interesting because most of the refraction that takes place is not done by the lens itself but by the aqueous humor a liquid on top of the lens Light is refracted when it comes into the eye by this liquid refracted a little more by the lens and then a bit more by the vitreous humor the jelly like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina The lens is critical in forming a sharp image however this is one of the most amazing features of the human eye that it can adjust so quickly when focusing objects at different distances This process of adjustment is known as accommodation With a camera the lens has a fixed focal length If the object distance is changed the image distance the distance between the lens and the film is adjusted by moving the lens This can t be done with the human eye the image distance the distance between the lens and the retina is fixed If the object distance is changed i e the eye is trying to focus objects that are at different distances then the focal length of the eye is adjusted to create a sharp image This is done by changing the shape of the lens a muscle known as the ciliary muscle does this job Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Processing of color by camera Retina contains two types of photoreceptors rods and cones Rods allows to see in low light They are not useful for color vision Cones allows to see color There are three types of cones Each type responds to different wavelengths of light Red cones respond to long wavelengths Blue cones respond to short wavelengths Green cones respond to medium wavelengths Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Eye vs Camera Human Eyes Camera Focusing on an Image Human eye contains small muscles that contract and relax and this enables the eyes to change shape and stay focused on a moving object These muscles also capable of changing the to accommodate the image that is being viewed thickness lens the of A camera cannot do this hence it relies on a variety of lens Photographers often change the lens of their camera according to the distance from the object Moreover cameras use mechanical parts to stay focused on a moving object Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Eye vs Camera Human Eyes Camera Processing Colour Human eyes contain special types of cells called photoreceptors There are two types rods and cones Rods are primarily used for low light vision while cones are used for color vision There are 3 types of cones that respond to 3 different wavelengths of light For instance blue cones respond to short wavelengths while red cones respond to long wavelengths and green cones respond to medium wavelengths The colour we see is the result of the brain activating the cones in various combinations Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME Cameras use something called photosites to collect light A typical camera has millions of these light collectors that hold the light and then convert it into a signal that can be interpreted by electronic devices Moreover cameras use filters that break up light into its primary colors red blue and green It reproduces the full spectrum image by combining