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Chemistry 111 Exam One Study Guide Chapter One The Air We Breathe Three States of Matter solid liquid and gas defined by how they would fill a container Water takes all three forms of matter Mixture A physical combination of two or more pure substances present in variable amounts Ex tap water salt water Vs Pure Substances Nitrogen molecule Most abundant substance in the air Colorless odorless and unreactive We need nitrogen but not from air Oxygen molecule Is the most abundant element in the human body Respiration provides the energy to power chemical reactions in our body Humans are adapted to 21 oxygen Recreational Oxygen Drawbacks must be monitored carefully but not well regulated Not clean Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude making it harder to breathe Argon atom Chemically Inert same when you inhale and exhale Gases we report values as percentages based on volume The volume of a gas changes with temperature or pressure All gases are compared at STP Standard temperature and pressure Gases can also be presented in terms of molecules and atoms The composition of air can be represented in terms of the number of molecules and atoms present Parts Per Million a ppm unit is 10 000 times smaller than 1 So 0 0393 393ppm Air Prints Criteria Air Pollutants types of air prints the atmospheric traces left by human activities Carbon monoxide no color no taste no smell silent killer Automobiles and charcoal grills are sources of carbon monoxide Symptoms look like respiratory infections Ozone sharp odor usually around electric motors Reduce lung function Has an essential role in high altitudes screens our ultraviolet rays Sulfur Dioxide sharp unpleasant odor Dissolves moist tissue of your lungs to form an acid Elderly and the young and individuals with asthma are most successful to sulfur dioxide poisoning Example emission of coal fired stoves London Smog Cause respiratory distress and heart failure Nitrogen Dioxide brown color Produced from nitrogen monoxide and other pollutants Comes from anything hot vehicle engines coal fired power plants Particulate Matter mixture of tiny solid particles and tiny liquid droplets Classifies by size Lead primarily used in car gas Can be solid criteria pollutants Mostly gone from the atmosphere since most of its sources are gone Risk Assessment the process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome Toxicity the intrinsic heath hazard or a substance A pollutant is not hazardous until it exceeds the standard Exposure the amount of the substance encountered Environmental Protection Agency protect human health and environment develop and enforce regulations environmental regulations Elements Cannot be broken down in to simpler substances by any chemical means All matter is composed of one or more elements each has unique properties in pure states boiling melting point density Made of elements of one type Compounds pure substances made of two or more different elements in a fixed chemical combination Cannot be separated into simpler substances by any physical process boiling and freezing physical ad chemical reactivity of compounds are constant Made of elements of two or more types Mixture groups of 2 or more substances elements compounds or both physically intermingled Can vary in parts by their mass their composition is not fixed retains properties of its components Matter Pure substances mixture elements compounds Atoms very small indivisible particles Smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable and independent entity Molecules can be an element or compound Fixed number of atoms at least 2 held by chemical bonds The Periodic Table Chemical forumlas Chemical symbol always 1 or 2 letters First letter always capitalized Arrangement of all the elements based on similarities in their properties Metals shiny conduct electricity Nonmetals poor conduction of heat and electricity Metalloids don t fall cleanly into either group Noble gases group 8A inert unreactive and unchanging Chemical symbols do not use subscripts Symbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance Reveals elements and their symbol If an atom is used only once in a forumula the subscript 1 is omitted Prefixes mono di bi tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca Prefixes used in naming compounds Name the element that appears first in the formula Name the second element ending in ide Mono omitted for first element but always used for second element Naming hydrocarbons Prefixes meth eth prop but penta hexa hepta octa nona deca It ends in ane if there is only one bond in the hydrocarbon Chemical changes process by which reactants are transformed into products Arrow shows chemical change Reactants on left and products on right of arrow Coefficient goes with each element Balanced equations the number of atoms on each side should be the same The amount of mass on both sides should be the same true for all chemical reactions Can balance equations by trial and error method or algebraic method Law of conservation of mass atoms are neither created nor destroyed


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MIAMI CHM 111 - Exam One Study Guide

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