EUH2000 Final 12 07 2012 The Protestant Reformation Anticlericalism Pluralism Martin Luther Edict of Worms Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin Predestination Genevan Consistory Council of Trent Ignatius Loyola Huguenots St Bartholomew s Day Massacre Edict of Nantes Anticlericalism Opposition to the catholic church 1500s Focused on three main problems o Clerical immorality o Clerical lack of knowledge ignorance o Clerical pluralism Pluralism Practice of holding more than 1 church position at a time Problems o Clergy wasn t focusing on one thing o There wasn t enough focus on their spiritual responsibilities for each office Why did they do it Martin Luther 1483 1546 o Some people would pay cheap priests to do their jobs o Provided members of the clergy with more money Taught and focused on helping the poor He was very well educated Very pious Studied St Paul s writings and discovers a new understanding of the Bible and its teachings Believed faith alone grace alone and scripture alone were the only things that connect you with God and they were more important than clerical things Believed salvation comes from God s grace alone Disagreed with Indulgences paper written by Pope you could buy to be forgiven of your sins o Led him to write 95 Thesis Indulgences undermine the sacrament of penance Scholarly debate with Eck around 1519 o Results in Luther moving farther away from the Catholic Church Printing press allows him to write and publish pamphlets about his reformation ideas o States how clergy should act By 1521 word had spread throughout Europe about Luther s ideas and he was excommunicated from the church Issued by Charles V and the Pope saying Luther was an enemy of the state says all of his teachings and writings cannot be published Culmination of Martin Luther and other secular authority Caused more of Europe to desire to change churches Edict of Worms 1521 Ulrich Zwingli Most important reformer aside from Luther Christian humanist Would go right through the testament A Z Believed human life relied on scripture Attacks many problems with Catholic Church o I e clerical celibacy o Etc In his reform in the German church he had strong support of government and city called for a break from Rome and wanted to be called Protestants Luther and Zwingli Have many ideas in common o How people can be saved Salvation comes from faith alone not good works so salvation relies on God rather than people o Where does the authority rely Bible alone not people s teaching o Rejected 7 sacraments Because they were established by church hierarchy not scripture itself o What is the church building Spiritual fellowship of all believers not one established o What is the highest form of Christian life Every person should serve God in their own way o Marriage Do allow divorce Moved it out of the church and into the hands of the state Differences o Communion Luther transubstantiation body and blood coming together in the bread and wine Zwingli Christ is among the people in spirit but not in the actual bread and wine Luther iconoclast doesn t respect the use of imagery of worship of holy people other than Jesus Zwingli doesn t stray far from Catholic belief of o Icons iconoclasm Things which led to the spread of Protestant ideas Printing press allows them to print pamphlets Luther s skill with language Hymns Standardizes the German language Zwingli works closely with the city council in Germany for backing of the Protestant beliefs John Calvin 1509 1564 Had a religious experience in 1533 where God had chosen him to reform the church becoming a Protestant Geneva became his home Theology he believed everything is unimportant in God s presence and humans don t have free will Also believe and created Predestination the belief God has chosen who will be saved and who won t be saved at the beginning of time and we have no control over what happens to us His ideas were instilled in his followers centered in France the Huguenots Calvin s followers centered in France Created the Genevan Consistory consisted of religious and non religious people who looked after everyone surveillance state o People were condemned for dinking heavily playing cards dancing absence from sermons and criticized ministers o Model of reform Council of Trent 1545 1563 Formed to reform the Catholic Church and reconcile with the Protestants Lutherans and Calvinists were invited but were not the main focus Gave validity to the scriptures as well as church authority Reaffirmed the 7 sacraments and teachings on transubstantiation Attacked disciplinary matters like suppressing pluralism simony absence of clergy Forbade the sale of indulgences Clerics had to give up concubines Bishops were given more authority Clergy had to be educated Marriage had to be public in from of a priest or witness Didn t solve all of its goals but did lay down the foundation for the Catholic Church henceforth Ignacious Loyola Founded the Society of Jesuits Strengthened Catholicism in Europe and spread it around the world through its followers Was a wounded vet who turned to God and wrote Spiritual Exercises 1548 and continued to get papal authority to hold this order to promote chastity obedience and spread of God missionaries St Bartholomew s Day Massacre August 23 26 1572 Huguenot wedding guests and Protestants everywhere were slaughtered by mobs which was believed to be backed by Catherine De Medici This wedding was planned to reconcile violence but backfired Edict of Nantes Henry of Nervier converted to Catholicism and sued the Edict of Nantes 1598 granting the freedom of religion in France Medieval Society Culture The Three Estates Guild System Sumptuary Laws The Three Estates Also called the Three Orders Hierarchy that breaks up all of society in Europe Order of importance o Clergy o Nobility Richest Paid 0 taxes but could gather taxes tithes Has tax breaks Top echelon of society Currently descendants from nobles o Everyone else Includes peasants Includes merchants increasing middle class that starts to develop in Europe Includes artisans This order is a point of contention within society Guild System Beginning of the 12th century 1100 Set quality standards for their product Regulated training period for employees Guilds of shoemakers blacksmiths etc Forbade nonmembers of their guild to practice their craft o Starts a monopoly Process of the guild o Apprentice 4 7 years as an apprentice Bound by a contract o Journeyman Working in the shop of the master artisan Working