ANTHROPOLOGY S ROLE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1 Know the two definitions of globalization and how the Internet mass media and easy travel have changed the process of globalization a Mass media maintains ethnic and national identities among people who lead transnational lives Example Arab speaking Muslims including migrants in several countries follow the TV network Al Jazeera which helps reinforce ethnic and religious identities As groups move they can stay linked to each other and to their homeland through media b Easy travel has changed globalization because people are constantly moving from place to place whether it be for exploration purposes or to build a new life where there are more opportunities available Postmodernity describes our time and situation how people on the move have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context Postmodern refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons rules or standards categories distinctions and boundaries 2 Understand the causes of global climate change and how humans are at least partially responsible a Scientific measurements confirm that global warming is a result of humans and their activities The burning of fossil fuels oil natural gas and coal releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide Temperatures vary depending on how much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere Due to the recent rapid rise in both temperature and CO2 we ve been led to conclude that humans are fueling global warming b Greenhouses gases allow sunlight to enter our atmosphere and then prevent heat from escaping it These gases have increased since the Industrial Revolution Greenhouses gases have reached its highest atmospheric concentration in 400 000 years and will only continue to rise c Scientists like to say climate change instead of global warming because the former term just indicates rising temperatures when there actually have been changes in sea levels precipitation storms and ecosystem effects 3 Understand how economic development and environmentalism can be vehicles for external regulation that threaten the subsistence patterns and lifeways of indigenous people a Different degrees of destruction domination resistance survival and modification of native cultures may follow interethnic contact This can lead to a tribe s cultural collapse or its physical extinction b Many indigenous groups did a reasonable job of preserving their ecosystems An ethnoecology is any society s set of environment in relation to people and society Indigenous ethnoecologies are increasingly being challenged by global forces that work to exploit and degrade and that sometimes aim to protect the environment 4 Consider what cultural imperialism entails and how mass media and popular culture have been used to both promote and resist cultural imperialism How are cultural forms indigenized according to the ethnographic studies presented by Kottak a Cultural imperialism refers to the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others or its imposition on other cultures which it modifies replaces or destroys usually because of differential economic or political influence b Some people believe that modern technology erases cultural differences because homogeneous products reach more people worldwide c Other people think that technology allows social groups local cultures to express themselves and to survive The North American media play a role in stimulating local activities of many sorts d Indigenized modified to fit the local culture e Cultural forms are indigenized when world centers enter new societies This could be fast food music housing styles science terrorism celebrations and political ideas and institutions Mass media can help diffuse a national culture within its own boundaries Media can also play a role in preserving ethnic and national identities among people who lead transnational lives 5 Be familiar with postmodernity and how it relates to the modern world system a Postmodernity describes how people on the move have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context They blur and breakdown established canons rules or standards categories distinctions and boundaries b Postmodern design is messier and more playful than modernist It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places including popular ethnic and non Western cultures Postmodernism extends value well beyond classic elite and Western cultural forms Postmodern is now used to describe comparable developments in music literature and visual art 6 Be able to discuss the role of identity in indigenous politics and the significance and political dimensions of notions of indigeneity and autochthony a Autochthony refers to self and soil while indigenous literally means born inside with the connotation in classical Greek of being born inside the house Both notions stress the need to safeguard ancestral lands patrimony from strangers along with the rights of first comers to special rights and protection versus later immigrants b Several national constitutions now recognize the rights of indigenous peoples Transnational organizations have helped indigenous peoples influence national legislative agendas Recent use of the notion of autochthony includes a call to exclude strangers such as recent and illegal immigrants Identity is a fluid dynamic process and there are multiple ways of being indigenous No social movement exists apart from the nation and world that include it IN ADDITION Understand what is globally interconnected what is flowing across borders Understand that cultural change was necessary for globalization to occur and how cultures change as a result of globalization Understand what syncretism is Understand the concept of the global village That globalization has been explained as the annihilation of space by time or time space compression and what sorts of effects these developments have had on people and social life Know the KFC and Wong articles What is homogenization What is particularism What did KFC need to do in order to make the company a success in Bejing How is KFC in the US different from the KFC in Bejing and why How did the Chinese fast food industry develop as a result of globalization In some semesters If we watched the film Inuit Knowledge and Climate Change in class make sure you understand what this documentary is trying to show How is climate change specifically affecting the Inuit and their