Genetics Notes Chapter 2 What are 3 important properties of DNA DNA must be replicated faithfully DNA must have information DNA changes by mutation List are the building blocks of DNA and categorize the various nucleotides as either purines or pyridines nitrogenous base A G C T deoxyribose sugar phosphate group purines nucleotides with two rings in their nitrogenous bases A G pyridines nucleotides with one ring in their nitrogenous bases T C How many hydrogen bonds form between nucleotide base pairs A T form 2 hydrogen bonds G C form 3 hydrogen bonds What is the primary difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structure eukaryotic genes contain introns which are absent in prokaryotes What is the endosymbiotic theory and what are 3 examples of evidence for it mitochondria and plastids were originally bacteria until proto eukaryotic cell consumed the bacteria they established a symbiotic relationship Evidence circular genomes like bacteria membrane structures indicate phagocytosis plastids and mitochondria reproduce by binary fission Chapter 3 During splicing enzymes recognize introns and cut them out and connect exons How do enzymes recognize introns GU AG rule every intron will have a GU at 5 end and AG at 3 end which will allow enzymes to recognize them Define the various types of RNA and their roles in DNA replication tRNA bring amino acids to ribosomes during translation and adds them to 3 end rRNA structural components of ribosomes mRNA temporal copy of a gene to be transcribed into a protein at initiation complex Describe the structure of proteins primary structure sequence of amino acids secondary structure determined by hydrogen bonds electrostatic forces and Van der Wals interactions Tertitary Structure bending due to interactions between amino groups Quantinary Structure interaction between tertitary structures protein shape vital for its function Which two chemical groups in form polypeptide bonds between amino acids carboxyl group and amino R group What is wobble and what specifically are the rules wobble is the process where some forms alternate base pairing is allowed between tRNA and mRNA due to extra space on the 5 of the tRNA Rules of Wobble Base Pairing 5 end of Anticodon tRNA G C A U I 3 end of Codon mRNA C or U G only U only A or G U C or A How is initiation of Transcription initiated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes In prokaryotes Shine Dalgarno sequence precedes the AUG and guides the initiation of transcription allowing tRNA to attach In eukaryotes the 5 cap is important in initiating translation Chapter 4 What are the 3 models of DNA replications and which was proven to be true Semi conservative each of the original strands act as a template for DNA synthesis with the new strands joining with the templates conservative both strands act as templates however the templates rejoin and new DNA joins Dispersive one strand acts as a template and switches off with the other strand The semi conservative model was proven to be the method by which DNA replicates Differentiate the leading strand and the lagging strand The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5 to 3 direction in the direction of the fork The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in the 5 to 3 direction away from the fork Describe the synthesis of the lagging strand due to the antiparallel nature of DNA the lagging strand must be synthesized discontinuously away from the fork Primase will add primer short piece of RNA which will allow DNA synthesis to occur at multiple points Okazaki fragment fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand will later be joined when DNA polymerase I digests away RNA primer and replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides What are the roles of DNA ligase single strand binding proteins primase Helicase DNA poly I topoisomerase and DNA poly III in DNA replication DNA ligase will form necessary phosphodiester bonds to create a continuous strand of DNA single strand binding proteins will keep the two strands of DNA unwound Primase will add primer short piece of RNA which will allow DNA synthesis to occur DNA polymerase I will digest away RNA primer and replace RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides topoisomerase will relax DNA reducing the stress DNA polymerase III will perform the DNA replication Helicase will break hydrogen bounds and unwind DNA List the stages of mitosis and the features of each stage Interphase growth and DNA replication Prophase chromosomes will condense nuclear membrane breakdown Metaphase chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase microtubles will pull chromosomes apart Cytokinesis cell and nuclear membrane splits Write the ploidy cycle for meiosis 2N 4N 2N N Section 2 Chapters 5 8 Chapter 5 Section 3 Chapters 9 12 What is the use of streptomycin for to eliminate non conjugated F cells Chapter 9 How does Whole Shotgun Sequencing work divides the genome into small pieces genomic libraray and sequences lots of clones and then orders reads into overlapping regions forming contigs What is mate pair sequencing mate pair sequencing sequencing of the ends of fosmid s or BAC clones Contigs still have gaps but allow us to know the order of the contigs called a scaffold What are GC rich isochores associated with high GC isochores are correlated with high gene content recombination rate mutation rate and smaller intron length In what ways can new genes arise gene duplication lateral gene transfer one gene is transferred from an organism to a different organism reverse transcription mRNA will be reversed transcribed and then inserted back into the genome at some other location De nono origin from noncoding sequence section in noncoding DNA has coding potential which may become a new gene if it has RNA polymerase binding site regulatory region and promoters What are the three ultimate fates of genes neofunctionalization mutation results in divergence which results in the acquiring of a new function Nonfunctionalization Pseudogene mutation results in lost function Subfunctionalization mutation that destroys some functions in each gene such that each gene has a different function it can perform Where might you expect to find gene conservation between two divergent species often in exons and protein coding genes but also sometimes noncoding regions What are three feature of metabolites Context dependent metabolomes are going to change after being treated but genome is always going to be stacked Functional entities of the cell