Unformatted text preview:

Study guide BBH 101H Exam 3 Exam will consist of 35 multiple choice questions and 1 essay question 1 Cardiovascular disease a Refers to variety of diseases of the heart blood vessels or both i Hypertension most common CAD and stroke most deadly 1 CAD and stroke contribute most to mortality ii 1 leading cause of death 1 1 in 3 affected 1 in 4 death attributable b Studies i NIHONSAN c Atherosclerosis i Process 1 Japan Native born in Japan and moved to Hawaii and Japan to San Francisco Genetic or environmental SF highest rates of CVD most prominent Western Cultures H was a middle area 2 Environmental are important risk went up ii Framingham Heart Study 1 Cohort study 20th century follow them are still following Identify risk factors of CVD The risk factors known today were seen in people in this study iii Bogalusa Heart Study 1 Compared whites and blacks 2 Looking at risk factors from an early age CT imaging to determine degree of blockage atherosclerosis starts at a young age 7 10 years old you start developing it until it develops into a problem 1 Slow process of the buildup of atheromatous plaques 2 Initial inflammatory response accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides plaque formation ii Results 1 Stenosis thrombus embolus a Stenosis narrowing of spaces in the spine which causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves b Thrombus solid or semi solid mass formed from the constituents of blood within the vascular system c Embolus intravascular mass carried by circulation which is capable of clogging arterial capillary beds 2 Ischemia angina infarction a Ischemia restriction in blood supply to tissues causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism b Angina chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle c Infarction tissue death caused by a local lack of oxygen due to an obstruction of the tissues blood supply Heart attack d Uncontrollable risk factors i Age sex race 1 As age increases risk increases 2 Males affected more than women 3 Black higher risk than whites e Controllable risk factors i Hypertension obesity cholesterol smoking alcohol 1 Hypertension considered 140 90 2 High normal 120 139 80 89 may also increase risk 3 Obesity increases risk higher cholesterol increases risk smoking and drinking alcohol also increase risk ii Type A personality 1 Definition a Competiveness sense of time urgency hostility b Type B more relaxed 2 Why early studies were inadequate what later studies found a Initial study found type A associated with 2x CAD risk i Did not control for diet ii Only used middle aged men iii 3 Influence of tobacco companies Subsequent studies have found mixed results a Some have begun focusing on individual components of type A e g hostility f Screening diagnosis prevention treatment i Screening blood pressure cholesterol etc ii Diagnosis electrocardiogram angiography iii Prevention diet lifestyle changes 1 Seven Countries Study Mediterranean diet a Environmental Risk Factors b Mediterranean diet southern Europe had lower risk of CVD c Higher intake of healthy oils red meat more fish healthy grains beans legumes red wine d Environmental factors are important for CVD risk iv Treatment medications angioplasty stents bypass 1 Medications statins aspirin beta blockers 2 Surgical procedures angioplasty stents and bypass surgery 2 Diabetes a Role of insulin i Insulin is a hormone that promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood It is produced in the pancreas ii Diabetes involves either a deficit in producing insulin or the body not responding properly to insulin insulin resistance b Diabetes mellitus sugar diabetes i Symptoms of hyperglycemia polyuria polydipsia why do the last two occur 1 Involves insulin deficiencies in production of effect 2 Hyperglycemia high blood glucose too little insulin or when the body cant use insulin properly 3 Polyuria excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine flush out the extra glucose into urine 4 Polydipsia excessive thirst losing so much fluid because youre always peeing ii Type 1 1 Early abrupt onset severe insulin deficiency autoimmune a Insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes b Early onset and abrupt onset c Significant insulin deficiency little to none d Insulin producing cells in pancreas are destroyed by immune system autoimmune disorder iii Type 2 1 Late gradual onset a Non insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes 2 Insulin resistance a Insulin resistance can lead to deficiency 3 Obesity iv Gestational a Obesity is often present with type 2 1 Temporary during pregnancy but increases risk of type 2 later a Temporary disruption in insulin production associated with pregnancy b Occurs in about 5 10 of pregnancies c May disappear after pregnancy but also increases risk of developing type 2 v Pre diabetes 1 High blood glucose but not diagnosable a Blood glucose levels are abnormal but not high enough to meet diagnostic criteria for diabetes b Have an increased risk of progressing to diabetes within 10 years vi Type 2 accounts for most cases 1 Type 2 accounts for 90 95 of cases c Complications i CVD blindness kidney failure neuropathy amputations 1 Know generally why these complications occur 2 Blood vessels don t need insulin blood sugar gets high glucose goes in no matter what which causes accumulation makes them weak more likely to be damaged Thought that this is why all the complications Weak blood vessels atherosclerosis 3 Blood vessels in eye damaged retina damaged and blindness can occur 4 Glucose damages vessels can cause kidney damage dialysis 5 BV for nerves are damaged longer nerves ones that need more blood supply sensations in feet or hands laceration on foot but they aren t experiencing much pain so they don t realize and the bodies ability to heal isn t as great It can get infected and then amputation may occur Know complications why they occur and how d Risk factors i Race age genetics weight smoking 1 Black have higher risk 2 As age increases so does risk 3 If it runs in the family you have higher risk 4 Weight heavier you are higher risk 5 Smoking if you smoke your risk increases e Diabetes prevention program i Know general structure of study and general findings 1 3 000 participants across the country 2 At risk of developing type 2 diabetes based on impaired glucose tolera ce 3 Average age 51 years average BMI 34 4 Follow up over3 years 5 3 arms i Involved weight loss reduced fat intake 150 min exercise per week a Intensive behavior change b General advice


View Full Document

PSU BBH 101 - Study guide

Download Study guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Study guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Study guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?