BSC 2011 UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE 1 A For eukaryotes what is the function of i replication and where does it occur ii transcription and where does it occur and iii translation and where does it occur EUKARYOTES Function Location of Replication Location Nucleus Transcription Nucleus Function DNA is copied into itself in order for cell division to occur and is necessary for an organism to grow or reproduce RNA Synthesis DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA and mRNA is read and copied into a protein to carry out some function for the cell Protein Synthesis Ribosomes read RNA and use the sequence to create a protein by combining various amino acids Translation Cytoplasm B What is a gene C What is a chromosome Gene a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome genes code for proteins Chromosome a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes consists of one long DNA molecule and associated proteins D i What is meant by the genetic code ii distinguish between codons and anticodons i Genetic Code the nucleotide triplets of DNA RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells ii Codons vs Anticodons Codons 3 base sequence 3 Nitrogen bases in a row on mRNA calls for specific AA to be brought to growing polypeptide Anticodons 3 base sequence on tRNA that matches the codon helps bring right AA to polypeptide next E i What is a mutation ii what are the different types of genetic mutations iii why are mutations important to cells organisms i Mutation a change in the genetic material of a cell ii Types of Mutations substitution insertion deletion Point change in 1 nucleotide in a gene Silent genetic code redundancy Missense AA changes Nonsense an early or no stop signal no protein iii Mutations are important to cells organisms bc they alter the codon and AA for which it codes F What is chromatin Distinguish between euchromatin and heterochromatin with respect to structure and function Chromatin the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria i e eukaryotes are composed It consists of protein RNA and DNA Euchromatin Structure loosely coiled regions contains less DNA found in eukaryotes cells with nuclei and prokaryotes cells without nuclei compactly coiled regions contains more DNA only found in eukaryotes Function early replicative because it s less tight in chromosome allows for immediate access when such genes are required for transcription late replicative packed much more tightly impeding the fast access for transcription Heterochromatin 2 A What is meant by gene expression Gene Expression The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene Gene Regulation A process in which a cell determines which express and when B What is meant by gene regulation genes it will C Why is gene regulation important necessary to cells organisms Gene regulation is important necessary to cells organisms bc time Organisms do not want to express all of their genes all of the Multicellular organisms very complex Main reason gene regulation is necessary cell specialization Cell specialization adaptation to do a particular job in a cell genes Each cell type differentiates by activating a different subset of Because of the multitude of cell types the regulation of gene expression required to bring about such differentiation is necessarily complex Valuable to cell function As a cell goes through its life it has different needs and functions can be addressed by gene regulation Cells can adapt to environmental changes by activating new genes 3 List the different types of proteins describe their function in a cell organism and provide an example of each Ex DNA polymerase Ex Keratin collagen Ex Hemoglobin Ex Insulin Ex Olfactory receptors G proteins Ex Antibodies Ex Actin myosin Ex Ovalbumin Enzymes Catalyze reactions Structural Proteins Support Transport Proteins Transport other molecules Hormones Coordinate cell organism activities Receptors Respond to bind to chemical stimuli Defense Proteins Defend Contractile Motor Proteins Help with movement Storage Proteins Store amino acid reserves 4 A Broadly and in general terms how and why do cells communicate instruct them to turn response Cells communicate by sending each other signals that can certain genes on or off or to bring about some other cellular Mechanisms of cell communication guide development Cell to cell communication is necessary to coordinate cell movement and cell differentiation during development 1 Reception A signal molecule is received by a receptor membrane or inside cell 2 Transduction A stepwise series of chemical reactions initiated B List and describe the three stages of cell signaling molecule on cell by an activated receptor molecule to bring about a specific cellular response 3 Response The end result of a specific signaling pathway 5 A Define genomic equivalence All the somatic cells in an organism say the human body are genomically equivalent why What makes them different organism have identical Genomic Equivalence All the different cell types in an genomes same DNA but they express different genes Genome the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism Different cells express different genes makes them different an organism B i Cell Potency describes a cell s ability to differentiate ii Stem Cells Relatively undifferentiated cells that can be induced to differentiate iii distinguish between and give an example of multipotent pluripotent and totipotent cells Totipotency The potential of a cell to differentiate into an entire organism because no genes are irreversibly turned off o Potential to become an individual o Ex Early embryonic stem cells Pluripotency Cells can give rise to many but not all parts of o Potential to become any cell but not an organism o Ex Later embryonic stem cells Multipotency Cells are already differentiated with limited o Ex Adult stem cells potential iv distinguish between embryonic and adult stem cells Embryonic Stem Cells Can be totipotent and develop into a new individual when obtained from very early embryos Can be pluripotent and differentiate into ANY cell type when obtained from slightly older embryos v why are stem cells of great research interest egg to get an types of cells for Adult Stem Cells Multipotent Can differentiate into
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