Chapter 3a Compartmentation Cells and Tissues 2013 Pearson Education Inc About This Chapter Functional compartments of the body Biological membranes Intracellular compartments Tissues of the body Tissue remodeling Organs 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 1a ESSENTIALS Levels of Organization Body Compartments ANATOMICAL The Body Cavities POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Cranial cavity Pleural sac Pericardial sac Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Thoracic cavity Abdomino pelvic cavity Lumens of Hollow Organs Hollow organs Heart Lungs Blood vessels Intestines Lumen 2013 Pearson Education Inc For some organs not the internal environment Functional Compartments Extracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 1b ESSENTIALS Levels of Organization Body Compartments FUNCTIONAL Body Fluid Compartments Extracellular fluid ECF lies outside the cells Cells intracellular fluid ICF Interstitial fluid surrounds most cells Blood plasma is the extracellular fluid inside blood vessels Fat cell 50 150 m Ovum 100 m Red blood cell 7 5 m White blood cell 15 m Smooth muscle cell 15 200 m long Cells subdivide into intracellular compartments see Fig 3 4 Figure 3 1c ESSENTIALS Levels of Organization Body Compartments Compartments Are Separated by Membranes Pericardial membrane Tissue membranes have many cells Phospholipid bilayers create cell membranes Cell Heart The pericardial sac is a tissue that surrounds the heart Loose connective tissue Seen magnified the pericardial membrane is a layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue Each cell of the pericardial membrane has a cell membrane surrounding it The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Cell Membrane Function Physical isolation Regulation of exchange with the environment Communication between the cell and its environment Structural support 2013 Pearson Education Inc Table 3 1 Composition of Selected Membranes Cell Membrane Composition Lipids Phospholipids Sphingolipids Cholesterol Proteins Integral Transmembrane Lipid anchored Peripheral Carbohydrates Glycoproteins Glycolipids 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 2a ESSENTIALS The Cell Membrane Membrane Phosphlipids Membrane phospholipids form bilayers micelles or liposomes They arrange themselves so that their nonpolar tails are not in contact with aqueous solutions such as extracellular fluid Polar head hydrophilic Nonpolar fatty acid tail hydrophobic Stylized model can arrange themselves as Phospholipid bilayer forms a sheet Micelles are droplets of phospholipids They are important in lipid digestion Liposomes have an aqueous center Figure 3 2b ESSENTIALS The Cell Membrane The Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological Membranes Peripheral proteins can be removed without disrupting the integrity of the membrane Phospholipid heads face the aqueous intracellular and extracellular compartments Glycoprotein Transmembrane proteins cross the lipid bilayer Carbohydrate COOH This membrane spanning protein crosses the membrane seven times Extracellular fluid Lipid tails form the interior layer of the membrane Lipid anchored proteins Peripheral protein Cytoskeleton proteins Cytoplasm Cholesterol molecules insert themselves into the lipid layer Cell membrane Intracellular fluid NH2 Phosphate Cytoplasmic loop Figure 3 2c ESSENTIALS The Cell Membrane Concept Map of Cell Membrane Components Cell Membrane consists of Cholesterol Phospholipids Sphingolipids Carbohydrates Proteins together form Lipid bilayer functions as together form Glycolipids together form Glycoproteins whose functions include Selective barrier between cytosol and external environment Structural stability Cell recognition Immune response Figure 3 3 Lipid rafts are made of sphingolipids Figure 3 4 1a REVIEW Cell Structure THE CELL is composed of Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytosol Membranous organelles Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Inclusions Lipid droplets Glycogen granules Ribosomes Protein fibers Cytoskeleton Centrioles Cilia Flagella Extracellular fluid Intracellular Compartments Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Cytoskeleton Organelles Nucleus 2013 Pearson Education Inc Inclusions Have No Membranes Ribosomes Fixed Free Polyribosomes 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 4 2i REVIEW Cell Structure Endoplasmic reticulum ER Rough ER Ribosomes Smooth ER The endoplasmic reticulum ER is a network of interconnected membrane tubes that are a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum has a granular appearance due to rows of ribosomes dotting its cytoplasmic surface Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and appears as smooth membrane tubes The rough ER is the main site of protein synthesis The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and in some cells concentrates and stores calcium ions Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers Actin microfilaments Intermediate filaments Keratin Neurofilaments Microtubules Centrioles cilia flagella 2013 Pearson Education Inc Table 3 2 Diameter of Protein Fibers in the Cytoplasm Microtubule Function Assembles tubulin monomers into microtubules Centrosome Centrioles Cilia Flagella Direct DNA movement in cell division Fluid movement across cells Cell sperm movement through fluid 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 4 1e REVIEW Cell Structure Centrioles Centrioles are made from microtubles and direct DNA movement during cell division Centrioles Figure 3 5 Centrioles cilia and flagella Fluid movement Flagellum Fluid movement Microtubules Cilium Cell membrane Cilia Cilia and flagella have 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair Cilia The beating of cilia and flagella creates fluid movement Cytoskeleton Function Cell shape Internal organization Intracellular transport Assembly of cells into tissues Movement 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 4 1b REVIEW Cell Structure Cytoskeleton Microvilli increase cell surface area They are supported by microfilaments Microfilaments form a network just inside the cell membrane Microtubules are the largest cytoskeleton fiber Intermediate filaments include myosin and keratin Motor Proteins Function Myosins Muscle contraction Kinesins and dyneins Movement of vesicles along microtubules Dyneins Movement of cilia and flagella 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 6 Motor proteins Organelle Motor protein ATP Direction of movement Cytoskeletal fiber Mitochondria Two membranes create two compartments Mitochondrial matrix Unique DNA Intermembrane space Cellular ATP production 2013