Animal Form and Function Bio Exam IV Metabolic water is water created by metabolism Anatomy is the study of an organism s physical structure while physiology is the study of how the physical structures in an organism function Adaptions are traits that allow individuals to survive and produce better o Result by natural selection Role of Fitness Trade Offs o Adaptations are limited by many factors the most important may be trade offs which are inescapable compromises between traits o In crickets male deposit spermatophore into female she then eats the gelatinous mass and sperm enters where it takes 3 hours to make Adaptation and Acclimatization o Adaption is genetic change in population in response to natural selection o Acclimatization or acclimation is a phenotypic change that occurs in an individual in response to a short term change in environmental conditions The ability to acclimatize is itself an adaption Tissue Organs and Systems Size structure composition Structure function relationships at molecular level o Form and function Protein shape o Structure and function DE contain a lot of rough ER and Golgi o Cell shape and function Absorptive cells have large surface area A tissue is a group of similar cells that function as a unit as one o Embryonic tissue gives rise to Connective tissue are cells loosely arranged in a liquid jellylike or solid extracellular matrix which is comprised of fibers and other cells Loose o Packing material between organs or padding under skin o Fibrous proteins in loose and soft matrix o Apidose tissue or fat tissue spleen bone marrow Dense Supporting o Found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles bones and organs and have many tough collagen fibers o Firm extracellular matrix o Bone and cartilage Fluid o Surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix o Blood and its extracellular matrix plasma Nervous Consists of nerve cells or neurons and other types of Vary in shape they have projections that contact to supporting cells other cells Short branching dendrites which transmit signals from other cells to the cell body and long axons which carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells Muscle tissue used for body movement pumping heart and mixing food Skeletal o Attaches bones digestion and urinary tract and is voluntary Cardiac o Wall of heart and pumping blood Smooth o Tapered at the end and seen in digestive tract and blood vessels Epithelial tissues are tissues that cover the outside of the body line the surfaces of organs and form glands An organ is a structure that serves a specialized function and consists of several tissues A gland is a group of cells that secrete specific molecules or solution Provide protection and regulate transfer of heat between interior and exterior of structures and transfer of water nutrients and others Typically forms layer of closely packed cells Has apical side which faces away from other tissues and toward environment and a basolateral side which faces animal s interior and is connected to other tissue by a layer of fibers called the basal lamina Organs systems consist of groups of tissues and organs that work together to preform one or more functions and work better than they do individually Surface Area and Volume Relationship o The rate at which gases nutrients and waste products diffuse across membranes depends on surface area available for diffusion o The rate at which nutrients are used and waste products are produced depends on volume o As cell gets larger its volume increases much faster than surface area Metabolic rate is the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual o Basal metabolic rate is the rate at which an animal consumes O2 while at rest with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moisture conditions mL of O2 g hr Small animals have higher BMR Has to be smaller due to its large surface area Changes During Development o Hatched king salmon larvae take up most of the oxygen they need by diffusion across the body surface As it grows skin surface decreases in relation to its volume Adaptions that Increase Surface Area o If function of structure relies on diffusion its structure has a shape that increase its surface area relative to its volume o Flattening lamellae Fish gills have flattened sheet like structures called gill o Folding o Branching Mammal small intestine have folds called villi Small blood vessels called capillaries are highly branched Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively constant internal environment o Two approaches Conformation Regulation Occurs by conformation to the external environment Requires physiological mechanism that adjusts the internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated Epithelium plays a role in creating internal environment that is dramatically different from external environment and constant physical and chemical internal conditions o Control exchange of materials across its surfaces A system has a set point a normal or target value Homeostatic system based on o Sensor is a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment o Integrator is a component of nervous system that evaluates incoming sensory information and decides if a response is necessary o Effector is any structure that helps restore the desired internal condition Homeostatic systems are based on negative feedback effectors reduce or oppose change in internal conditions How Do Animal Regulate Body Temperature o Exchange heat with their environment in four ways Conduction is the direct transfer of heath between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other Convection is a special case of conduction in which heat is exchanged between a solid and a liquid or gas rather than two solids Radiation is the transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact Evaporation is the phase exchange that occurs when liquid Variation in Thermoregulation water becomes a gas o Animal can control their body temperature through the process of thermoregulation o Endotherm produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue o Ectotherm relies on heat gained from environment o Homeotherms keep their body temperature constant while heterotherms can tolerate changes in body temperature o Small mammals that inhabit cold climates lose heat rapidly because their surface area is large relative to volume Species reduce their metabolic rate and allow their body temperature to drop called torpor and if it persists for weeks or months