Muhammad s State Tribal democracy for the most part very independent but sometimes they united to fight the same enemies and split the booty between themselves they also would Poetry regarded as the highest art form Only real contact with the non Muslim world was through caravan trade Religion mostly monotheism Muslims people of the book Christians Jews and polytheists Muhammad was a very charismatic leader with a huge fan base when he died the tribes started disagreeing again especially about who the next leader would be Tax on non Muslims called the jizya in the Hadith it says Ishaq 956 962 He who withholds the Jizya is an enemy of Allah and His apostle The words of Muhammad Shura means consultation with the community about a decision Four rightly guided caliphs 1 The First Caliph Abu Bakr 632 634 A C believed to be the first male believer father of Muhammad s wife 2 The Second Caliph Umar 634 644 A C A C 3 The Third Caliph Uthman 644 656 4 The Fourth Caliph Ali 656 661 A C caused tension among the people they believed he was not just in his ways always contested by others led to the Shi i Sunni divide Imam to the Shi i Neighbors Sassanids Byzantines Ridda Wars means going back on one s word fought to bring back the tribes that had abandoned Islam eventually however the wars kept continuing as the tribes became greedy for land and power They were very successful in conquering and taking spoils however the military wasn t one united force and the camps were still divided by tribes Caliph ruler of the Muslim community held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual authority Imam means first or leader has particular meaning to the Shi i who believed he was Muhammad s true heir Provincial governor the Caliphs appointed a provincial governor in every province to rule over a smaller section of the empire and report back to him Other important terms The Umayyads 3 different classes of people the slaves who were treated equally as Muhammad s slave was the first to except the call to prayer the middle class who were non Arabs and the upper class who were Muslims who often benefitted from high class marriages that intensified this tribal structure Khadija the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad She is commonly regarded by Muslims as the mother of Islam She was the first person to convert to Islam Mu awiya early Islamic leader and founder of the great Umayyad dynasty of caliphs He fought against the fourth caliph Al Muhammad s son in law seized Egypt and assumed the caliphate after Al s assassination Kh rijites After the murder of the third caliph they were the source of serious disruptions within the Umayyad domain and in Arabia They held that the judgment of God could only be expressed through the free choice of the entire Muslim community and that people should be elected caliph not passed from generation to generation as a right Alids dynasties descended from Ali ibn Abi Talib son in law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad opposing group to the Kharijites followers of Ali we call the Shi ites today Quraish Muhammad s tribe whom people decided the caliph must come from Mecca birthplace of Muhammad Islam Medina burial place of Muhamma second holiest place to the Muslims Kaa ba holy shrine of worship for the Muslims located in Mecca Damascus established capital of the Umayyads Kufa In 657 Ali decided to transfer the headquarters of his government from Medina in Hijaz to Kufa in Iraq possibly because of a more central location the people helped in the Battle of the Camel or he wanted to avoid any political bloodshed in Medina Hijra the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CE because someone was plotting to kill Muhammad The Constitution of Medina Muhammad lays out the nine tribes as one umma or community and sets some ground rules for the state The Qur an is the central religious text of Islam which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God revealed to Muhammad over 23 years by the angel Gabriel The Hadith the reports of the teachings deeds and sayings of Muhammad Battle of Karbala Hussain and his family s heads are cut off 680 The High Caliphate Abbasid Revolution led by Muhammad s uncle Abas Al Mansur 2nd Abbasid Caliph generally regarded as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate Capital moves to Baghdad shows greater sophistication of a central state brand new city symmetrically built to be the perfect capital Head tax jizya on non believers Land tax Kharaj collected from everyone relatively similar rate across the board Other taxes included import export market goods collective taxes on cities More decentralized government very focused on farming Bait al Hikma means house of wisdom huge library in Baghdad shows the Abbasids focus on education and advancement Harun al Rashid was the 5th caliph and ruled during the peak of the empire was seen as very resourceful just and upright Known as the golden age of literature because tons of poems were written as well as translated The state improved a ton on the military judicial system infrastructure education trade record keeping and public order which weren t all really in place before The caliphate was still based on hereditary descent but as the government expanded the caliph was more a symbol of power then a real force to be reckoned with Huge time of advancement in the fields of science medicine and renewed focus on Greek philosophy Ibn Sina a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age Al Jahiz Islamic theologian intellectual and litterateur known for his individual and masterful Arabic prose Waqk Awqaf people who died with lots of money and wanted to leave something behind would donate public buildings or statues to help their family who would maintain it and be paid by the state and leave their legacy Muslim institutions would contain mosque military post palace Sultan king who is the power holder think king vs pope ie Caliph and marketplace Sultan would have a vizier think prime minister that was called a wazier Slave soldiers mamluks the Abbasids would kidnap young boys from beyond Islam control convert them educate them train them as soldiers and teach them unwavering loyalty to the state this made a strong military Social divisions Abbasids people of the book and Persians Mu tazila school of theology based on reason and rational thought As time goes on Persians replace Arabs in positions of power and are in turn replaced