Exam 4 Major Concept Sheet Chapters 8 10 12 13 Exam Date MWF 8 35 9 25 am Monday May 5th 8 00 a m Intelligence o Definition of Intelligence Ability to directs one s thinking adapt to circumstances and learn from one s experiences o Know how reliability and validity relate to intelligence tests understand what a construct is and how it relates to testing Reliability the consistency of a measure including a test retest inter rater inter method and internal consistency same Ex if you test the same person multiple times are their scores the different examiner same conclusion Validity a quality of measure that leads to valid conclusions Ex does the test measure all of the aspects of the construct of interest Construct a variable which is not directly observable that we must create indirect methods of measuring Ex love of acts demonstrating affection depression of day spent crying intelligence how long to solve a problem o History of Intelligence Testing Binet Terman Wechsler Why did they create the tests How the tests were scored What were the problems with how they were scored and les chronological Binet believed that bright children cognitively functioned like older children bright children functioned more like younger children Binet Simon Scale First useful measurement of intelligence Mental age the mental abilities of a child relative to their age Terman adapted Binet s scale Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale beginning of testing measuring individuals intelligence relative to a the IQ statistically normal curve Wechsler Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale No longer uses mental age Measureless skills compared to others of the same age Full Scale IQ FSIQ combined performance on verbal comprehension perceptual reasoning working memory processing speed o Modern IQ Scores What is an IQ Score Understand how the standard deviation bell curve works with the IQ scores Know the extremes on the IQ bell curve and what characterizes them statistically IQ Intelligence Quotient measure of individual intelligence relative to a Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 normal curve Ex Mage 12 Cage 10 12 10 x 100 120 Bell Curve represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed population 1 2 0 1 2 3 borderlin e averag e superio r gifted Mental Retardation sub average mental ability accompanied by adaptive skills originating before thee age of 18 IQ in the 3 retarde d Extremes deficiencies in 70 75 Mild 55 70 Can master 6th grade by age 18 Moderate 44 55 Limited to 2nd grade usually by age 18 Speech severely limited to keywords Severe 25 40 Profound 25 Can learn a few basic care needs eating washing hands Giftedness Upper 2 3 of normal distribution IQ 130 Termans s Termites study of 1500 children measuring the intelligence Average IQ 150 Greater physical health emotional stability occupational satisfaction etc o Different types of intelligence crystalized vs fluid Crystalized Ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge time take the Peaks in young adulthood as well but remains relatively stable over Ex Using the information learned in class and from the book to exam Fluid Ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge Slower for those who are actively use their fluid intelligence Peaks in young adulthood then declines o Understand the nature and nurture influences on intelligence Nature Twin studies genetics different households Ex Identical twin s scores strongly correlated whether raised in same or Nurture family environment as well as individual environment Ex siblings often have similar intelligence same family house books etc Personality individual s behave o Definition of Personality and a personality trait Personality A complex set of psychological qualities that influence and characteristic patterns of behavior across situation and over time Personality Trait enduring qualities or attributes that predispose individuals to consistently across situations o Psychoanalytic approach how is personality determined structure of personality id ego superego defense mechanisms psychosexual stages Know the age range the main task fixations strengths and weaknesses of the theory how it is currently viewed by psychologists today Psychoanalytic Theory Attempts to explain personality motivation and focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences motives and conflicts along with the methods disorders by particularly unconscious people use to cope with sexual and aggressive urges Structure of Personality Id primitive unconscious aspect Pleasure Principle demands immediate gratification Superego conscience Morality Principle strives to reach moral perfection Ego decision making component mediator Reality Principle seeks to delay gratification for an appropriate outlet Psychodynamics the interplay between the 3 structures of personality Defense Mechanisms consciousness Repression pushing painful dangerous thoughts out of Reaction Formation forming an opposite opinion reaction to an unacceptable desire Rationalization attempting to justify a behavior Regression retreating to earlier developmental levels Displacement rerouting pent up feelings to an object less Projection attributing one s own thoughts feelings or motives to Sublimation channeling unacceptable urges into socially activities Psychosexual Stages Primary Erogenous Zone sources of sex drive at a particular stage Fixation if you don t resolve the conflict at each stage you get stuck personality develops by either Excessive gratification or needs Excessive frustration of those needs Or dangerous another acceptable and you 1 Oral Stage Birth to 1 year Erogenous zone mouth lips and tongue Primary task weaning If fixation obsession with eating smoking etc 2 Anal Stage 1 to 3 years Erogenous zone anus Primary task toilet training If fixation hostility anxiety 3 Phallic Stage 4 to 5 years Erogenous zone genitals masturbating Primary task Identify with adult role models Resolve Oedipus Electra Conflict their if Dad role Children manifest erotically tinged desires for opposite sex parent accompanied by feelings hostility toward their same sex parent Oedipus Conflict boys Fall in love with mom Father is a rival What if dad wins Dad wins castration anxiety Can t have mom but wants someone like her identifies w Dad Formation of superego Electra Conflict girls Fall in love with Mother is a rival Penis envy Identifies with Mom traditional female less dramatic weaker superego If