BMGT364 Final Exam Study Guide Leadership I What is leadership The process of influencing others to mobilize and facilitate individual and collective efforts towards the accomplishment of goals or objectives What is management The process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives Central to this process is the efficient and effective use of limited resources Trait Theories of Leadership theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders Leadership Research pre 1950 s Finding distinctive and inherent characteristics of great leaders o Intelligence o Ambition and passion o Physical appearance o Integrity o Desire to lead o Self confidence More Recent Research Finding characteristics that predict leader effectiveness o High energy level and tolerance for tress o Self confidence o Strong internal locus of control o Personal integrity o Emotional and social intelligence o Ability to learn o Dominance o Self monitoring o Extraversion conscientiousness openness to experience Most characteristics involve traits and skills 2 Types of Leader Behavior 1 Consideration Relations Oriented Behavior a Acts in friendly supportive manner shows concern for subordinates looks out for their welfare b Shows trust and confidence acts considerately c Treats subordinates in supportive way builds and maintains their sense of self worth 2 Initiating Structure Task Oriented Behavior a Defines and structures own goals and those of subordinates b Coordinates activities and criticizes poor performance c Conducts effective planning and scheduling d Guides subordinates in setting high but realistic performance goals Ohio State Leadership Grid University of Michigan Leadership Grid Concern for relationship vs Concern for tasks Leadership II Contingency Theories of Leadership Basic Premise leadership depends on situation o Groups effectiveness depends on leaders style and degree in which leader has control and influence Fiedler Model leader Three situational considerations match leader with situation based on LPC o Leader member Relations confidence and trust members have in o Task Structure the degree to which job assignments are procedurized o Position Power how much power does the leader have over issues such as firing hiring etc Leader Member Exchange LMX Because of the time pressure leaders form close relationships with small numbers of followers the ingroup o Everyone else falls into the outgroup o The quality of relationships depends on whether the follower is in ingroup or outgroup Transactional Leadership Guide and motivate followers in the direction of established goals by using o Contingent Rewards exchange rewards with meeting leaders expectations o Corrective Actions search for and react to deviations from standards Characteristics of Transactional Leaders Contingent Reward contract exchange of rewards for effort promises rewards for good performance recognizes accomplishment Management by Exception active watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards Takes corrective action Management by Exception passive intervenes only if standards are not met Laissez Faire abdicates responsibilities avoids making decisions Transformational Leadership Create the vision and environment that motivates employees o To achieve performance beyond existing goals and expectations o To consider new ways of performing their tasks and creating new ideas Characteristics of Transformational Leaders Idealized Influence provides vision and sense of mission instills pride gains respect and trust Inspirational Motivation communicates high expectations uses symbols to focus efforts expresses important purposes in simple ways Intellectual Stimulation promotes intelligence rationality and careful problem solving Individualized Consideration Gives personal attention treats each employee individuals coaches advises Critical Elements o Charisma Idealized Influence takes action based on deeply held values ethics and or principles Models self leadership and projects self confidence Creates a sense of pride energy and mission Profound impact on follower s values and beliefs ex MLK Gandhi Effects on Followers trust in ideology unquestioning acceptance affection towards leader obedience identification with leader increased confidence o Inspiration Articulate a strong vision which captures the imagination of others show passion and optimism empower others to act motivate others to engage in extra effort instill courage in others to step up to the risks of change o Intellectual stimulation provoke rethinking and reexamination of assumptions beliefs and values encourage a new look at old work methods and procedures help others bring new perspectives and innovative thinking to problem solving produce innovative and synergistic solutions and breakthrough outcomes o Individualized consideration give personal attention to others understand others unique skills and capabilities act as a coach or mentor and maintain meaningful communications demonstrate trust and respect for others make each person feel valued and develop higher levels of potential Transformational leadership isn t equally effective in all situations Greater impact on the bottom line in smaller privately held firms than in more complex ones More effective when leaders can directly interact with the workforce and make decisions than when they report to a board of directors or deal with a complex structure Mentoring Career Functions Lobbying to get the prot g challenging and visible assignments Coaching the prot g to help develop skills and achieve work objectives Provide exposure to influential individuals within organization Protect prot g from possible risks to their reputation Sponsor the prot g by nominating them for potential advances or promotions Act as a sounding board for the ideas they might be hesitant to share with a direct supervisor Psychological Functions Sharing personal experiences with the prot g Counseling the prot g to bolster self confidence Providing friendship and acceptance Acting as a role model Power and Politics Power refers to the capacity that person A has to influence the behavior of person B so that B acts in accordance with A s wishes Power may exist but not be used Person can have power over you only if they control something you It is a function of dependency desire Power Goal compatibility o Not required o Merely dependence required Direction of
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