Communication Relationships Entner Midterm Study Guide Communication use symbols to represent ideas to share meaning Interpersonal Communication use symbols to represent ideas to share meaning AND create a personal bond between people connection between people such that one person s actions affect and reflect other person s actions Characteristics of Interpersonal Communication Transactional model of communication conception of the components present in an interpersonal interaction and how people participate together in the act of communicating Channel medium through which messages are exchanged between people 3 Consequential 2 Dynamic Process 1 Continuous Process continuous change of messages that occur during has consequences produces outcomes intended or interpersonal communication channel meanings change and unfold over time and previous messages affect how subsequent messages are created and understood unintended can take a variety of forms learning helping influencing relating playing Irreversible and you cant recreate communication opportunities that have passed your thoughts can never be completely communicated to Imperfect another person you have to use symbols to represent those ideas and you have to rely on your partner to decipher those symbols you cant take back messages that you have communicated 4 5 Berlo s Model Source Communication skills attitudes values social system culture Encode Message Content verbal treatment nonverbal Channel Means of conveyance Receiver Communication skills attitudes values social system culture Decode Model lacked Feedback Comparison internal external Theory a description of the relationships among concepts that helps us to understand a phenomenon an explanation for why something is the way it is Positive association Negative Association when an increase in the amount frequency or categories of phenomena that are believed to be relevant to Concepts understanding an event situation or experience intensity of one phenomenon corresponds with an increase in another phenomenon ex Decide you didn t get job b c you didn t perform well your linking interpersonal communication competence to getting a job more competence greater likelihood of getting job intensity of one phenomenon corresponds with an increase in another phenomenon ex Nervousness and getting a job more nervous you are less likely to get the job Curvilinear Association when the positive or negative association between two phenomena exists only up to a certain point and then reverses ex Friendliness can help you get the job offer but extreme friendliness might be seen as unprofessional and hurt your chances when a decrease in the amount frequency or Approaches to Interpersonal Laing s Model 1 Transactional Approach Each influence each other A B Transactional approach Communicative activity Preconceived interpretive model schema 2 Situational Approach Circumstances Limitation no quality Cant say situations are equal 3 Developmental Approach IMPERSONAL INTERPERSONAL Cultural Level Norms of Communication decided by culture Sociological Level Norms of communication decided by group Psychological Level Norms of Communication decided by dyad two people Social Cognition Theory Personal Relevance Perception Point of View how strong various features stand out in our perspective that we have on a situation includes our mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and directing attention to a subset of sensory information filtering and interpreting information to create meaning Cognition comprehension Selection psychological orientation toward a situation leaning to notice different things about a situation ex How differently a manager and potential employee view a job interview Intensity of Stimuli perceptual field conversational partners who make direct eye contact lean forward stand closer nod their heads command more attention than less active communicators people automatically attend to information that is relevant to the self such as the name even when instructed to ignore it needs or purposes can influence what we focus on in others people attend to information that is relevant to them or their goals in a situation and they are less attentive to information that doesn t apply to them allows you to delete messages that are not important and focus on ones that are ex Seeing attractive features in someone else is related to whether you are already seeing someone the degree to which a situation is Consistency with Expectations similar to or different from what we anticipated ex Professor says they heard good things about you try and think about good qualities Inconsistency with Norms events violate our standards for behavior occur when behavior falls outside the range of acceptable behavior is inappropriate given the situation ex Teacher wears gorilla suit to class very distracted teacher violated classroom rules by being offensive pattern people sort stimuli to clarify which details are closer or further away above or below each other or on the same spatial plane efforts to sort events into causes and effects intentions and accidents patterns and coincidences etc assigning roles and relationships to the information we have selected with the ultimate goal of making sense of it process of arranging information into a coherent Organization Attribution Theory Heider na ve psychologist Central issue to explain behavior causality CAUSALITY Internal Attitudes Moods Ability Personality Low Consensus High consistency Low distinctiveness External Environment Weather Pressures from others Money High consensus Low consistency High distinctiveness Causality Biases in the System Internal External ones moods attitudes personality the environment pressure from other weather protect our own behavior internal attributions for Centered Bias tendency to conclude that we contribute more to a over attribute to internal causality tendency to make external attributions for our Actor Observer Effect Fundamental Attribution Error own behavior Self Serving Bias out successes and external attributions for our failures Self group task than other group members for someones success and external attributions for that persons failures if they are not similar to us personality when their behaviors have negative consequences Defensive Attribution Bias Hedonic Relevance Effect tendency to draw inference about others tendency to make internal attributions Kelley Convariation Model Consensus most people behave this way