06 17 2014 1 Andes mountain part of the lithosphere 2 Unique location place 3 Hypothesis possible explanation of phenomena 4 Natural systems are open in both matter and energy 5 Positive feedback initial change is increased enhanced 6 Geostationary orbit satellite orbit has continuous coverage of limited portion of Earth 7 Latitude identifies positions north and south of equator 8 All map projections gives distortion 9 Radiometric dating is a type of absolute dating technique 10 Uniformitarianism same processes that operate now operated in the past 11 Half life time required for 50 of isotope to decay 12 Temperature and density both increase with depth 13 Oceanic crust has a greater density than continental crust 14 Inner core solid iron 15 Lithosphere crust and upper mantle 16 Isostasy vertical movements 17 Oxygen and silicon most common elements found in earth s crust 18 Batholith intrusive pluton 19 Metamorphic rocks don t change due to exposure of air and water 20 Clastic sedimentary rocks form from particles of other rocks 21 Sandstone example of sedimentary rock 22 Subduction zones occur along convergent boundaries 23 New oceanic crust is created at divergent boundaries 24 Wilson cycle describes the formation and destruction of an ocean basin 25 Majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries 26 Supercontinent Pangaea 27 Tension type forces occur at normal fault 28 Angle between fold limb and horizontal plane dip 29 Himalayas very little volcanic activity due to continental continental boundary 30 Orogenesis mountain formation 31 Composite Volcanoes Steep sided volcanoes of alternating layers and explosive eruptions 32 Felsic magma explosive and mafic magma effusive 33 Hawaiian islands form from hot spot 34 Point on surface above an earthquake epicenter 35 Asperities points along fault plane where two rock masses stick together and prevent movement 36 Mercalli scale subjective to measure damage feeling 37 Ocean basin example of 1st order 38 Exogenic wear down endogenic build up 39 Relief difference in elevation 40 Hill and low tableland depends on continental shield 41 Lag time Time that elapses between some change in a system input and the response of the system to that change 42 Latitude 0 90 Longitude 0 180 43 Key identify smbols colors etc used on map 44 Superposition component of relative dating 45 Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust 46 Lithosphere Includes crust and upper most mantle 47 Batholith Pluton intrusive 48 Laccolith dome shaped pluton formed when magma uplifts 49 Granite and basalt common types of igneous rock 50 Shear forces Generate a strike slip fault 51 Volcanic island arcs form along convergent zones with 2 oceanic plates 52 Plateau of flood basalts are small scale basalt deposits produced by explosive eruptions FALSE they are large and effusive 06 17 2014 Physical and chemical two processes of weathering Rate and types of weathering varies in different locations Weathering rates are controlled by parent rock characteristics hydrology and climate all of the above Regolith layer of partially broken up bedrock overlying the unaltered parent material Warmer regions experience chemical weathering and colder experience physical weathering Solution is not an example of physical weathering Dripstone examples stalactites stalagmites and columns not granite Free face steepest portion of slope Input of a slope system is provided by weathering Angle of repose equilibrium of angle for a slope system Gravity primary driving force for mass movement Fall fastest type of mass movement Slide mass movement where material moves as a coherent block and is not mixed Theory of slope decline slope becomes less steep over time 3 of earth s water is fresh More water falls on the earth surface than evaporates false The hydraulic cycle is driven solar energy A body of porous rock aquifer Water Table top of the saturated zone elevation or depth Ogallala Aquifer ground water mining Overpumping of groundwater might result in salt water intrusion water table drawdown something else all of the above If the budget for a ground water system is negative then ground water mining is happening water table drawdown is occurring and water is pumped out faster than recharge rate all of the above Confined aquifer partially overlain by an aquiclude so it has a relatively small recharge area The ridges of higher elevation that separate basins drainage divide Mississippi River gulf drainage Drainage Network formed on a steep slope parallel drainage pattern An increase in river discharge Q W x D x V Infiltration water will penetrate into the soil Meandering goes side to side due to growth and destruction of meandering loops true The capacity of a river is the largest grain size that water is able to move false competence Graded stream represents an equilibrium among erosion transportation and deposition over time rare due to inputs of sediment and transport capacity equilibrium It takes more velocity to erode fine particles than medium particles false It takes more velocity to erode clay than sand Oxbow lakes are braided rivers that go across a floodplain false meandering Point bar inner portion of a meander that experiences the slowest water velocity and thus receives sediment forming a deposit Entrenched meanders alluvial terraces are a part of stream rejuvenation Form of deltas controlled by sediment supply available wave energy and tidal currents true Exotic streams discharge decreases as you move downstream Nick points waterfalls Urban Development decreases lag time and increases peak flood Aeolian sand size or smaller sediments Deserts have distribution of about 20 40 degrees N S Desert pavements and lag surfaces deflation Ventifacts rocks that have one or more flat sides due to abrasion Transport mode not in Aeolian transport solution Steepest slope slipface Dune migration is up the stoss slope true Crescent shaped dune with horns that point upwind parabolics Largest type of sand dune star dunes 2 factors that control dune type wind direction sediment availability Alluvial fans occurs as ephemeral streams run out of canyon and deposits on valley floor cone shaped Deserts ephemeral flow regime Most coasts are relatively old false Beach between high tide and low tide foreshore Exposed as waves break swash zones Spring tides maximum tidal range Tides are gravitational forces Spring tide 2 weeks Tide is controlled by wind speed duration and fetch all of the