Chap 1 Scientific Thinking Major terms scientific question hypothesis peer review scientific theory statistical significance control group controlled variables independent variable dependent variable placebo not Determine whether a question of hypothesis is scientific and explain why or why o NO SHOULD IN A SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES Be able to design a simple experiment or analyze a description of one if you are given a question or hypothesis Your design or analysis should include independent and dependent variables reasonable levels of treatment a control group if relevant and controlled variables Hypothesis larger diameter on tires causes better gas mileage Independ related to groups you set up in experiment leads to the dependent the thing you measure in your experiment Control group doesn t get the independent variable Use for comparison Sometimes gets a fake version placebo Describe factors that increase our confidence in the results of a study o Large sample size statistical significance o Plausible mechanism o Diverse sample o Repeated of many times o Peer review Chap 2 Chemistry and Macromolecules Major terms proton neutron electron atomic number mass number isotope ion atom molecule compound polar nonpolar hydrophobic hydrophilic valence acid base monomer polymer Describe how covalent ionic and hydrogen bonds are formed and their relative strengths Ionic when charges of electrons attract one another to form a neutral molecule hydrophilic Covalent atoms share electrons hydrophilic o Polar covalent 2 atoms share electrons a change of electron density electrons are not equally shared a partial ionic charge hydrophilic o Nonpolar covalent electrons sharing during a covalent bond is equal no ionic charge and electrons are distributed symmetrically hydrophobic Hydrogen bond when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom hydrophilic Covalent Ionic Hydrogen bond Be able to tell what kinds of bonds a compound or molecule contains and whether it would be hydrophobic or hydrophilic ONCH neighbors are nonpolar What kind of bond does this compound or molecule have WOuld it be The near to O the more electrons 1st cell holds 2 e 2nd shell holds 8 3rd shell holds 8 hydrophobic or hydrophilic o LiCl Li has atomic number 3 2 go in the first shell so it has 1 left in the valence shell Wants to lost 1 Cl has atomic number 17 2 go in the 1st 8 in 2nd so it has 7 in the valence shell Wants to gain 1 Ionic bond Know the names and be able to identify the structures and functions of monomers and polymers of carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids For lipids know the names and be able to identify structures and functions of triglycerides phospholipids and steroids Elements Names of Structure Functions Examples Carbohydrate C H O monomers polymers monosaccharides Polysaccharides Hydrophilic CH2O multiple hexagon or pentagon shape Proteins C H O N Amino acids Polypeptides Hydrophilic can denature Glucose starch cellulose insulin antibodies helicase fast energy energy storage in plants reception cell movement transfer molecules into cell hormones contrast muscle turns genes on off genetic information instruction for making proteins Nucleic acid C H O N P nucleotides Polynucleotides Hydrophilic Hydrogen bonds hold A T G C DNA RNA Lipids C H O testosterone no M or P triglycerides fats phospholipids steroids cell membrane hormones insulation long term energy storage Triglyceride fats 3 FA s connected to glycerol Steroids 4 fused carbon rings Phospholipids 2 FA s connected to glycerol and phosphate group phosphate part is hydrophilic FA tails are hydrophobic Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction Both are dealing with water but in an opposite way Dehydration reactions remove a water molecule forming a new bond Hydrolysis reactions add a water molecule breaking a bond Describe what causes proteins to denature and what happens to denatured proteins Change pH and temperature Unravel and lose its shape and function Chap 3 Cell structure and Function Major terms prokaryotic eukaryotic nucleus ribosome rough ER smooth ER golgi apparatus lysosome vesicle mitochondria chloroplast cytoskeleton ciliia flagella cell wall isotonic hypertonic hypotonic endocytosis exocytosis simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis concentration gradient active transport passive transport Describe the functions of the different kinds of organelles and identify which organelles would be present in animal plant and bacterial cells Organelles Nucleus Animal cells Plant cells The nuclear envelope controls the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm The nucleus contains the DNA the stored genetic instructions of each cell In addition important reactions for interpreting the genetic instructions Bacterial cells Ribosome Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vesicle occur in the in nucleus Synthesis of proteins Receives polypeptides from bound ribosomes Helps fold polypeptides into tertiary and quaternary structure Can modify proteins e g add carbohydrates to glycoproteins Secretes proteins in vesicles Lipid synthesis Detoxifies poisons Stores calcium in muscles Modifies products of the ER Synthesizes some macromolecules including many polysaccharides Sorts materials into transport vesicles and tags them for storage or transport out of the cell The lysosome fuses with a vacuole storage compartment and uses its enzymes to break down food particles or damaged organelles 1 Take modified materials from Golgi or rough ER to other parts of the cell 2 Take secretory materials usually proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell wall They release the materials to be secreted from the cell They then join with the plasma membrane Mitochondria Converts energy into a form the cell can use Have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae which present a large surface area for making ATP the cell s main energy transfer molecule Chloroplast Allow plants to convert light energy into chemical energy glucose through photosynthesis Cytoskeleton Cell support cell movement and movement of structures within cells Cilia Flagella They beat slowly and propel the organism through its environment Motion the cell around Describe how organelles work together to synthesize modify and secrete Ribosome synthesizes the protein Rough ER modifies it ships it to golgi in a vesicle Golgi can modify it more tag it for where it needs