HDFS 201 LECTURE 5 Types of Social Support 1 Informational 2 Physical 3 Ideological 4 Relational Providing information on something e g do you have the bus schedule how high is too high for my child s fever Goods and or services e g giving someone a ride giving spare food I am on your side I understand where you are coming from I value your values I value your perspective e g new mom trying to establish nursing lactation consultants say nurse the baby for these reasons I m on your side I want to support your efforts to nurse I m here for you I care for you I got your back You do not need a degree or a grant to provide support just decide to be this way Everyone needs all 4 kinds of support and there is good empirical evidence that they all contribute to greater wellbeing transitional adjustment Central Constructs Linked Lives Who travels with whom over life You are linked to your family members friends peers mentors etc How do these configurations change across tie and contexts Social convoys the people you go through life with family siblings Cumulative Impact of Earlier Life Events On Subsequent Ones Sequencing of events Can be normative or non normative Normative complete education get a job move out get married have children Non normative have children get married graduate move out get a job Timing between transitions Normative considerations Family status and position experienced in later life are molded by the cumulative effects of life history and specific conditions The Subjective Life Course Turning points Significant alteration of trajectory May be linked to transitions Important in personal and family histories Transitions Turning Points When did things change for you when I took that new job but it could be just coming to sense about something it doesn t have to be an event They matter They help to define our perceptions of life over time They are linked to developmental changes crucial times of social support Sometimes little factors inputs bring big results down the line Teaching someone how to play basketball and they may become SUPER good at it in his mind whatever you taught him was significant even if it was only 10 minutes of your life Developmental Cascades Getting things going in a particular direction can be positive or negative Setting the course for subsequent development Getting off on the right or wrong foot Unit of Analysis Individual in the context of families Reciprocal effects of individual and family development The multiplicity of familial relationship in which individuals reengaged changes over the life course Levels of adaptation are contingent on the paths by which one reaches old age These pathways take into account individual differences life experiences cultural heritage support networks and interactions with institutions Individual life paths take twists and turns which reflect a complex web of interrelated careers and relationships Through such interconnections families create their own sets of age and timing structures constellations of tangible and intangible resources and combinations of developmental tasks A Resource Theory of Fathering Personal Resources Educational Attainment Income Wealth Race Ethnicity Culture Age Interpersonal Resources Relationship Quality with Mother Number of Children Age of Children Children from Other Relationships Sensitivity to Interpersonal Signal Goodness of Fit with Children Contexts of Fathering Residential Status to Child Societal Values Gender Roles Residential Status Relational Status Single Cohabiting Engaged Married Separated Divorced Re partnered Temperament Attitude Conflict Resolution Style Religiosity Spirituality Sexual Identity Health Personality Coping Style and Strategy Incarceration Record Substance use abuse Social Support Network Relationship with Neighbors Extended Family In Laws Work Colleagues Relationship History with Own Parents Employment Status Parenting Status Step Biological Social Adoptive Legal Guardian Social Class Cohort Timing of Parenthood Neighborhood Characteristics Resource Management Time management Planning Maintenance Monitoring Reflection Setting Goals Scheduling Organization Setting Priorities CHAPTER 2 GENETICS Translation and Expression of the Genetic Code The genetic makeup a person inherits The characteristics or traits that are expressed Genotype Phenotype Gene expression Activation of particular genes in particular cells at particular times guided by genetic influences and affected by environmental factors Environmental influences combine with genetic influences to determine how a genotype is translated into a phenotype Nature and Nurture ALWAYS interact It is IMPOSSIBLE to have genes expressed in the absence of any environment As they develop people clearly alter their environments and make active choices about where and how to live environmental choices Putting on a jacket turning the heat on Such choices are clearly affected by genetic predispositions Different environments and experiences regulate the turning on and expression of different genes that is environments alter people s genes An Important Genetic Construct Reaction Range variability in phenotypes associated with a single genotype in interaction with environmental variability The different environments you put yourself in will have different outcomes on your development Measure on some phenotypic variable height weight susceptibility to the flu Restricted environment very bad environment no books no medicine etc This is important because not everyone responds to the same treatments in the same way some genotypes don t have a big reaction range Hypothetical Reaction Ranges for Three Genotypes Person A has a small reaction range they do really bad under bad conditions and only slightly better under great conditions Person C has a large reaction range there is a big difference between their worst and their best Person C at their worst is still better than Person A at their best Gene Environment Interactions Look at how environments differentially affect persons with different genotypes e g reaction ranges AND How genotypes are systematically related to different environmental conditions e g gene environment correlations Investigates the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development Heredity and Environment Interactions Behavior genetics Twin studies Adoption studies Heredity environment correlations Individuals genes may influence environments to