Architecture and the Industrial Revolution Mid 19th c many new technologies displayed in world exhibits The Great Exhibition of 1851 pan American and pan European massive exhibition of cast iron technology Railroads emerge in U S Buildings with cast iron skeleton veneer in brick or stone Allows for multi story more than 3 while previously stone used with maximum of three Material is vulnerable to fire cracks and bends not perfect uses less space land is expensive L Art Nouveau Jugendstil 1920s Ottoman Empire crumbles Henri Labrouste Biblioth que Sainte Genevi ve 1838 1850 cast iron technology full of windows and light compressive strength and supports more weight windows untraditionally large b c cast iron has much better no heavy thick posts that would create shadows traditional windows with full semi circle arches arch carries weight across in traditional manner but much larger distance due to cast iron thin posts are traditional French gothic vegetal motifs between cast iron beams Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace London 1850 built for Great Exhibition of 1851 in a year 1936 destroyed by fire described as space age because so simple made of pure forms not ornamented fueled the stone event in architecture using stone instead of glass set in framework cast iron beams with glass walls in between common materials in mid 19th c parts assembled off site made possible by invention of cast plate glass method gigantic barrel vault allows huge amount of light inside many windows designed to be open but building is self heating skinnier at top material doesn t need as much support as stone Gustave Eiffel The Eiffel Tower 1887 1889 built for 1889 Universal Exposition in France tower entirely of cast iron tallest building in the world at time of completion equipped with elevators observation deck cast iron beams arranged in various patterns both aesthetic and practical motivation Henry Hobson Richardson Marshall Field s Warehouse Store 1887 commissioned by well known merchant Marshall Field in Chicago urban center 7 stories pre skyscraper in shopping and production area all stories on same ground plane influenced by Romanesque pre Gothic and Early Renaissance rusticated masonry on exterior recalls Italian palazzo exudes strength framework is wood and iron extensive fenestration Sonian arches on bottom look light and buoyant cast iron supports the weight Louis Sullivan Carson Pirie Scott and Company Building 1899 commercial office space above retail on ground floor includes one of the earliest department stores later extended with identical design horizontally very strong verticals even stronger horizontal elements that highlight floors sleek appearance but a lot of ornament gilt cast iron decorated with vegetal motifs on outside corner decorated windows emerges as an art form in itself glass between cast iron premade panels cheap and easy to replace Victor Horta staircase in H tel van Eetvelde 1898 1900 spidery slender and sinuous form of architecture that seems alive streams of cast iron curving like plant forms on ceiling can be so thin due to strength of material space is full of light Jugendstil style of decorative art characterized by foliate vegetal and tendril motifs often made of cast iron Cast iron skeleton supporting structure of cast iron framework made of pre fabricated parts Segmental arch arch that is not a full semicircle uses only a cord removed segment between two chosen points