Vision Type of energy electromagnetic What form of energy captured photons Sensory organ eye Pathway From extrastriate cortex it is processing of object split into what pathway and where pathway Receptors Cones and Rods Photoreceptors Unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens diopter Mapping Topographical Mapping Cortical representation of the fovea is greatly magnified compared to the cortical representation of peripheral vision Audition Hearing Type of energy mechanical forces What form of energy captured air pressure Sensory organ ear Pathway Air pressure wave pinnae ear canal tympanic membrane ossicles malleus incus stapes oval window vestibular canal tectorial membrane Organ of Corti stereocilia neurotransmitters initiates action potentials in auditory nerve fibers that are carried to the brain Units Decibel a unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound Hertz a unit of measure for frequency Receptors Hair cells stereocilia Mapping Tonotopic Organization Touch Type of energy mechanical forces Sensory organ skin Mapping Somatotopically Homunculus Pathway from skin muscles through spinal cord then either the spinothalamic pathway temperature and pain or Dorsal Column medial lemniscal pathway tactile Smell olfaction Type of energy chemical diffusion What form of energy captured chemical sense Sensory organ nose Receptor Cilia has Olfactory Receptors on them ONLY IPSILATERAL ONE Mapping Topographical Pathway odorant receptor olfactory cilia OSN cribriform plate these are within the olfactory bulb olfactory nerve glomerulus mitral cell to primary olfactory cortex and other brain structures Taste Type of energy chemical diffusion What form of energy captured chemical senses Sensory organ tongue Receptor microvilli Mapping Pathway chewing breaks down food substances into molecules dissolved in saliva papillae which have taste buds embedded in them Microvilli cranial nerves medulla thalamus insular cortex orbitofrontal cortex Vestibular sense of balance Type of energy mechanical forces Sensory organ ear 5 total 3 semicircular and 2 otolith Proprioception sense of limb positions Type of energy mechanical forces Sensory organ muscles The final exam is a lot more general We can break down sensation and perception into three modules the physical environment what we re trying to learn about nervous system responsible for turning stimulations into neural signals then perceptual experience from that Psychophysics physical environment perceptual experience Sensory Physiology physical environment the nervous system Psychophysiology perceptual experience the nervous system Things he expects us to be able to answer questions on for the final The Physical Environment What form of energy does each sense capture vision photons hearing air pressure olfaction taste chemical senses How can the different forms of energy be described dimensions units we can use sine waves to talk about different forms of energy not for chemical senses vibrations our fingers pick up sound sine wavelengths amplitudes groups sine creates different colors in vision and harmonics in audition amplitude decibels in hearing 3D color space Trichromatic color theory he said he s going through the exam in his head so these things will probably be on the exam If he mentioned it study it need to know more depth than this table but should know what he means by mechanical forces more depth than just eyes ears The Nervous System How is physical information transduced for each sense What pathways does sensory information travel along What cortical areas are involved in processing sensory info What is the form of sensory info at each stage of processing you should know the neuroanatomy involved the receptors that transduce info rods mechanoreceptors cilia questions like which one of these don t belong like ganglion cell does not transduce info but rods cilia very few pictures on the final Mechanisms should know the idea that in vision its photons being captured by rods and cones auditory hair cells being bent over opening ion cells and causes hyper or depolarization what physical thing is happening thats being transduced into a sensory event location where are these receptors how things go from the physical world cone bipolar cell ganglion cell V1 pinnae captures sound ear canal tympanic membrane three ossicles malleus stapes oval window into the cochlea different locations of cochlea for different frequencies pressures relieved by round window should know all different stages for all senses won t be SUPER specific general knowledge of pathways How is information organized by these pathways retinotopic tonotopic etc cortical magnification where we have retinotopic but some areas are more magnified somatosensory What are the cortical areas What is the form of sensory info at each stage of processing if I ask a ganglion cell what do you know what can you tell me about the visual word as opposed to a simple cell in v1 all I know is if theres a spot of light in this one spot or not Perceptual Experiences How is sensory info turned into perceptual experiences Current theories are they any good biederman s grouping theory we add these up into geons and the relationship between those geons and the geons involve that how we determine what an object is or isnt example of current theory doesn t go into detail beyond that like what the limitations Limits of sensation are what is an equal loudness curve Thresholds What are relative temporal or spatial how we measure two point threshold or contrast sensitivitiy and acuity what does 2100 vision mean how are objects localized by different senses we wanna know where stimulus is vision were not sure where it is always trying to calculate depth how do we know if its coming from above or right in audition What biases tricks have developed to interpret ambiguous stimuli Monocular depth cues doesnt think he asks about specific ones no images like the one exam should know the difference between binocular and monocular know what binocular rivalry is last 10 12 all new questions and they are about comparing the senses what do they have in common what they don t have in common difference in physical energy transduction vision and auditory system almost same hair like structures in almost all of them representation sematotopy retinotopy shared brain structures shared pathways not a lot of overlap how everything except olfaction goes through the thalamus contralateral vs ipsilateral everything