Positive School Criminology But first Classical School RECAP Classical School a response to Key terms social contract free will equity due process Major theorists Deterrence two types three criteria Criticisms empirical validity Modern connections Neo Classical contributions Chapter 3 Questions hedonism and free will biological psychological and social traits religion and morality social learning bonding and control Chapter 3 Questions criminology Franz Joseph Gall Auguste Comte Cesare Lombroso Charles Darwin Chapter 3 Questions phrenology atavism According to Positivists human behavior was determined by which of the following Which Italian positivist who was also a surgeon is often called the father of modern William Sheldon theorized that certain body types combined with personality temperaments resulted in a propensity toward crime His categorizing is known as genetics somatoyping Chapter 3 Questions Micro or macro Consensus or conflict Introduction We frequently make judgments about people based on their appearances Looks can be deceiving Don t judge a book by it s cover Determinism Opposite of free will classical school Determinism Three types of determinism Factors beyond a person s control determine behavior 1 Grim God has ordained certain behaviors nothing can prevent them from occurring 2 Hard free will is very limited 3 Soft biological and sociological characteristics some freedom of choice but limited by nature nurture sociologists Positive School Late 1800s Emerged in opposition to the harshness of the classical school response to lack of concern for the causes of criminal behavior Tenets of the Positive School Rejected the legal and free will concepts of the classical school External forces cause criminal behavior biological environmental psychological and sociological There are multiple causes of criminal behavior Tenets of the Positive School Need to use the scientific method to look at the causes attacked armchair theorizing Focus on the individual micro level of analysis While our CJS courts is primarily based on the neo classical school sentencing and corrections have been greatly influenced by the positive school especially the juvenile justice system Focus on treatment instead of punishment Positive School and the Courts Rehabilitation and treatment limited since 1970s Franz Joseph Gall 1758 1828 Phrenology the development and shape of the brain affects personality and social behavior extremely popular 1807 1845 Discovered that various functions of the brain are localized Franz Joseph Gall 1758 1828 Theorized that any part of the brain that was dominant in an individual would grow to produce protuberances bumps on the skull that could easily be felt by a skilled phrenologist Identified 26 distinct areas including the intellectual moral and lower animal areas Franz Joseph Gall 1758 1828 Lower animal area was overdeveloped in criminals and located in the area of the brain slightly over the ear linked to violent behavior homicide Gall believed intellectual moral areas could be developed and strengthened to suppress lower animal area through treatment and rehabilitation Darwin 1859 Origin of Species Theory of Evolution direct contract to Biblical theory of creationism New area of science for understanding human behavior Humans are animals but are more highly developed and evolved than other animals Theoretical basis for early biological explanations of crime Cesare Lombroso 1836 1909 Father of the Positive School heavily influenced by Darwin s theory of evolution First criminologist to employ the scientific method in his work 1876 wrote The Criminal Man Cesare Lombroso 1836 1909 Atavistic urges criminals are born as opposed to made criminal behavior is the result of primitive Criminals are evolutionary accidents who were throwbacks to more primitive people physical characteristics like monkeys and chimps Cesare Lombroso 1836 1909 Relatively underdeveloped brain incapable of conforming to rules and expectations of a modern complex society Lack of guilt and remorse for wrongdoing don t understand good versus evil Cesare Lombroso 1836 1909 Physical characteristics stigmata deviations in head size and shape asymmetry of face unusually large or small ears large jaw cheekbones ears that stand out from the head fleshy lips abnormal teeth receding chin abundant hair or wrinkles long arms extra fingers toes Cesare Lombroso 1836 1909 Three types of criminals Charles Goring Student of Lombroso subjects 1913 wrote The English Convict Charles Goring 1 born criminal atavistic 2 insane criminal mental disorder 3 criminaloid warped by a host of environmental factors Measured the degree of correlation between physiological features and criminal history of Criminals were shorter and weighed less than the control group Criminal behavior could be inherited First to claim although not empirically verified that criminal behavior might be the result of the interaction between heredity and the environment nature nurture a view held by many criminologists Earnest A Hooten 1939 wrote Crime and Man Evaluated 13 873 inmates from 10 states Earnest A Hooten Compared them along 107 physiological dimensions with 3 203 non incarcerated individuals Inmates tended to have certain physical characteristics not found in the control group low foreheads crooked noses narrow jaws small ears long necks stooped shoulders Murderers are tall and thin and rapists are short and heavy Primary cause of criminal behavior is biological organic inferiority William Sheldon 1949 Somatotypes criminals have distinct physiques that make them susceptible to particular types of criminal behavior Three basic types William Sheldon 1949 Endomorphs relatively non criminal heavy persons with short arms and legs tend to be relaxed extroverted and Mesomorphs crimes and crimes requiring speed and strength delinquents athletic muscular tend to be aggressive and particularly like to commit violent Ectomorphs thin and introverted overly sensitive some criminal behavior Lombroso in The Female Criminal was one of the first criminologists to study female criminals heavily influenced by the writings of a French woman Tarnowsky Differences in males and females was attributed to variations in evolutionary development Gender and Crime Gender and Crime Believed females were more primitive than males and possessed many traits in common with children Women were more likely to be vengeful jealous insensitive to pain lacking any sense of