Study Guide Test 3 CH 6 1 Identify 1 Defined target population The complete set of elements identified for investigation 2 Sampling units The target population elements available for selection during the 3 Sampling frame The list of all eligible sampling units i e registered voters sampling process customer lists a Population People who drink beer b Defined target population People who drink beer in Georgia c Sampling units People who drink beer in Middle Georgia d Sampling frame Craft beer groups in Middle Georgia Customers at bars in Middle Georgia 2 Differences between probability and nonprobability sampling 1 Probability Sampling a Each sampling unit in the defined target population has a known probability of being selected for the sample b Results can be generalized within a specific margin of error c Margin of error and confidence intervals 2 Nonprobability sampling is not known a Sampling designs in which the probability of selection of each sampling unit b The selection of sampling units is based on the judgment of the researcher and may or may not be representative of the target population c Sampling error is unknown 3 Explain the following types of sampling methods 1 Simple random sampling A probability sampling procedure in which every sampling unit has a known and equal chance of being selected Simple Random Sampling a does not provide a list of target population elements b does not require the target population be in a specific order c does not require the sampling units be given a special code d is not less costly than systematic random sampling e does produce unbiased estimates of the target population s characteristics 2 Systematic random sampling Similar to simple random sampling but the defined target population is ordered in some way a Usually in the form of a customer list taxpayer roll or membership roster and selected systematically 3 Stratified random sampling Separation of the target population into different groups called strata and the selection of samples from each stratum a With this technique you have a higher statistical precision compared to simple random sampling This is because the variability within the subgroups is lower compared to the variations when dealing with the entire population b Example click link c Proportionately stratified sampling A stratified sampling method in which each stratum is dependent on its size relative to the population i Larger strata are sampled more heavily d Disproportionately stratified sampling A stratified sampling method in which the size of each stratum is independent of its relative size in the population i Used when stratification of the target population produces sample sizes for subgroups that differ from their relative importance to the study ii Ex stratification of manufacturers based on number of employees will usually result in a large segment of manufacturers with fewer than 10 employees and a very small proportion with say 500 or more employees The economic importance of those firms with 500 or more employees would dictate taking a larger sample from this stratum and a smaller sample from the subgroup with fewer than 10 employees than indicated by the proportionality method e Advantages of stratified random sampling Assurance of representativeness in the sample Opportunity to study each stratum and make comparisons between strata f Disadvantages i ii i ii interest population iii The ability to make estimates for the target population with the expectation of greater precision and less error Difficult to determine the basis for stratifying Stratification is based on the target population s characteristics of iii Secondary information relevant to the required stratification factors might not be readily available therefore forcing the researcher to use less desirable criteria as the factors for stratifying the target a Usually the larger the number of relevant strata the more precise the results Inclusion of irrelevant data however will waste time and money without providing meaningful results 4 Cluster sampling A probability sampling method in which the sampling units are divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations called clusters CH 7 4 What is a construct a Area sampling A form of cluster sampling in which the clusters are formed by geographic designations 5 Convenience sampling A nonprobability sampling method in which samples are drawn at the convenience of the researcher 6 Judgment sampling A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to an experienced individual s belief that they will meet the requirements of the study 7 Quota sampling A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to pre specified quotas regarding demographics attitudes behaviors or some other criteria 8 Snowball sampling A set of respondents is chosen and they help the researcher identify additional people to be included in the study a Called referral sampling 1 A construct is an abstract idea or concept formed in a person s mind a It is a combination of a number of similar characteristics of the construct 2 It is a hypothetical variable made up of a set of component responses or behaviors that are thought to be related Construct development An integrative process in which researchers determine what specific data should be collected for solving the defined research problem 3 How do we evaluate service quality a Reliability Ability to perform promised service b Assurance knowledge and courtesy of employees c Tangibles physical evidence of service i e facilities equipment personnel d Empathy provision of caring e Responsiveness willingness to help customers 4 Examples of Concrete Features and Abstract Constructs of Objects 5 The scale measurement process determines 1 how to precisely measure each construct 2 It determines the level of importance associated with each feature 3 Scale Measurement is the process of assigning descriptors to represent the range of possible responses to a question about a particular object or construct a Scale points Designated degrees of intensity assigned to the responses in a given questioning or observation method 4 Scale Measurement Example a Service Quality i Reliability When you have a problem the bank shows a sincere interest in solving it ii Assurance You feel safe in your transactions with the bank iii iv v Tangibles The bank s reception desk employees are neat appearing Empathy The bank has your
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