Page 1 of 44 Chapter 2 Attitudes Job Satisfaction Attitudes evaluative statements positive or negative about objects people or events i e My pay is low i e I am angry over how little I m paid 1 Cognitive Component a description of or belief in the way things are 2 Affective Component emotional or feeling segment 3 Behavioral Component describes an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something i e I am going to look for another job that pays better Attitude follows behavior Leon Festinger 1960s proposed that any form of cognitive dissonance is uncomfortable and that individuals will therefore attempt to reduce it alter attitude to match behavior attitude following behavior Cognitive dissonance any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes Moderating factors individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe the dissonance is due to something they can control degree of in uence less motivation to reduce dissonance when there are high rewards accompanying the dissonance Attitudes predict future behavior Moderating variables that affect the attitude behavior relationship importance of the attitude accessibility of attitude memories correspondence of attitude to behavior important attitudes re ect fundamental values self interest identi cation with individuals or groups we value strong relationship to behavior speci c attitudes predict speci c behavior general attitudes predict general behavior i e overall job satisfaction predicts a worker being more engaged in her work or motivated to contribute to the organization attitudes that we frequently express more likely to remember more likely to shape behavior social pressures by the organization cause discrepancies between attitudes and behavior i e non smoking tobacco executives who believe in the smoking cancer research but don t discourage smoking direct personal experience stronger attitude behavior relationship direct experience with the attitude Self perception Theory behavior in uences attitudes to make sense out of an action that has already occurred Page 2 of 44 Main attitudes of OB Job satisfaction describes a positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job involvement measures the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self worth psychological empowerment employees beliefs in the degree to which they in uence their work environment their competence the meaningfulness of their job and their perceived autonomy Organizational commitment employee identi es with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to remain a member positive commitment and performance relationship strongest in new employees and weaker with more experienced employees 1 Affective commitment allegiance an emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values 2 Continuance commitment no better options the perceived economic value of remaining with an organization 3 Normative commitment obligation an obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons Perceived organizational support POS the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well being strong POS when leading to rewards are deemed fair employees have a voice in decisions supervisor seen as supportive higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors lower levels of tardiness better customer service Employee engagement an individuals involvement with satisfaction with and enthusiasm for the work she he does highly engaged employees leads to have a passion for their work deep connection to their company higher levels of customer satisfaction more productive higher pro ts lower levels of turnover and accidents Job Satisfaction elaborated Measuring job satisfaction What causes job satisfaction single global rating All things considering how satis ed are you with your job rated 1 5 highly satis ed to highly dissatis ed summation of job facets identi es key elements in a job rated on a standardized scale separately and added to create a overall score pay equitable rewards the work itself mentally challenging supportive working conditions supportive colleagues pay positive correlation with pay only in poor countries no correlation around 40k Page 3 of 44 Speci c outcomes of Job Satisfaction J S Impact of satis ed vs unsatis ed employees in the workplace Framework people with positive core self evaluations who believe in their inner worth and basic competence Exit response directs behavior toward leaving the organization looking for a new position resigning Voice response actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions suggesting improvements discussing problems with superiors union activity Loyalty response passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve defending organization in face of external criticism trusting organization to do the right thing Neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen chronic absenteeism tardiness reduced effort increased error rate J S Job Performance happy workers productive workers weak relationship J S OCB satis ed workers more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behavior positive talk of organization help others go beyond expectations J S Customer Satisfaction satis ed workers increased in customer satisfaction and loyalty J S Absenteeism weak relationship dissatis ed workers higher absenteeism only when numerous alternative jobs are available J S Turnover stronger relationship than J S and absenteeism still affected by number of alternative jobs J S Workplace Deviance dissatis ed workers getting even unionization attempts substance abuse stealing at work undue socializing tardiness dif cult to target one behavior need to attack the cause J S Chapter 3 Emotions and Moods Affect generic term that covers a broad range of feelings people experience includes emotions and moods affect intensity how strongly a person experiences their emotions Emotions intense feelings directed at and caused by someone or something very brief in duration seconds minutes accompanied by facial expressions action oriented leads to an action emotions can turn into moods when you lose focus on the event or object that started the feeling negative emotions stronger than positive in