FCS 102 Fall 2013 Exam 4 Part 1 Study Guide Chapter 12 Fat soluble Vitamins General characteristics found in fats and oils of foods become part of lipoproteins or bound to transport proteins have antioxidant properties and are organic substances that dissolve in lipids and are vital to health Absorption absorption requires the presence of dietary lipids as well as the action of bile Transport circulated away from the small intestine in the lymph via chylomicrons before eventually entering the blood either as components of lipoproteins or bound to transport proteins Storage the body liver and fatty tissues can store fat soluble vitamins so consuming large amounts can cause toxicity issues Toxicity except for vitamin K dangerous and sometimes fatal Vitamin A Active Form retinol retinal retinoic acid retinoids Carotenoids Dietary compounds with structures similar to that of vitamin A Provitamin A Carotenoids are carotenoids that can be converted to vitamin A Nonprovitamin A Carotenoids carotenoids that cannot be converted to vitamin A Beta carotene one of the most common provitamin A carotenoids in foods and the body can split it to form two molecules of retinal Lutein Zeaxanthin Sources retinoids and provitamin A carotenoids beef liver pumpkin sweet potato carrots spinach kale chicken liver squash and red peppers Stability heating may increase the bioavailability of some carotenoids Storage Functions of vitamin A epithelial cell health vision growth reproduction immune function and bone health Functions of Provitamin A Carotenoids may help prevent the production of cancer cells Primary Deficiency vitamin A is circulated through the blood and ends up in the liver where it is then metabolized into retinol or recirculated Secondary Deficiency night blindness xerophthalmia hyperkeratosis Toxicity hypervitaminosis A carotenodermia blurred vision birth defects liver damage osteoporosis Vitamin D Sources plant and animal sources ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol Process of synthesis D3 to calcitriol vitamin D3 is converted to 25 hydroxyvitaminD in the liver then circulated through the blood to the kidneys where it is converted to 1 25 dihydroxyvitamin D Process of activation D2 and D3 to calcitriol activated as vitamin C levels increase in the body Also considered a hormone Stability highly sensitive to light and oxidizing agents Functions of calcitriol calcium absorption and many cellular level functions Deficiency rickets osteomalacia osteoporosis Toxicity hypercalcemia hypercaluria Vitamin E Most active form alpha tocopherol Sources oils nuts and seeds Stability sensitive to light oxidizing agents and heat Storage deposited mainly in adipose tissue Functions antioxidant protecting PUFA and other lipids Deficiency hemolytic anemia Vitamin K Active Forms phylloquinone menaquinone menadione Sources food sources greens and intestinal bacteria dark greens fish and legumes Stability sensitive to light Functions blood clotting and bone formation Deficiency the inability to form blood clots Chapter 13 Water and Major Minerals General characteristics major minerals and trace elements Inorganic classification can t be destroyed interrelated functions absorption Terms Calcitriol a physiologically active metabolic derivative C27H44O3 of cholecalciferol that is synthesized in the liver and kidney and stimulates the intestinal absorption of calcium Parathyroid hormone a hormone produced in the parathyroid glands that is released in response to low blood calcium concentration stimulates the conversion of 25 OH D3 to 1 25 OH 2D3 in the kidneys Calcitonin a hormone produced in the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels Phytates phosphorous containing compounds often found in the outer coatings of kernels of grain as well as vegetables and legumes can bind dietary minerals Oxalates a salt or ester of oxalic acid Hydroxyapatite the mineral matrix of bones and teeth Osteoblasts the bone cell that promotes cell formation Osteoclasts the bone cell that promotes bone break down Osteopenia condition whereby mineral density is lower than normal Osteoporosis a bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density and disruption of the microarchitecture of the bone Phospholipids a lipid composed of a glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a polar head group Hyonatremia low blood sodium concentration Hypernatremia high blood sodium concentration Calcium Ca Sources and supplementation abundant in plant and animal foods good source from dairy products or leafy dark greens Supplements can also be taken as well Bioavailability presence of oxalate and phytate compounds can bind calcium in the intestine hindering absorption Calcium homeostasis hormonal regulation In low blood calcium levels parathyroid hormone is released and PTH stimulates the conversion of 25 OH D3 to 1 25 OH 2D3 in the kidneys Blood calcium level should return to normal In high blood calcium levels thyroid gland releases calcitonin which decreases calcium absorption in the small intestine and decreases bone break done Blood levels should return to normal Functions blood clotting muscle contraction Deficiency tetany a condition in which muscles tighten and are unable to relax Toxicity kidney stones and calcification of soft tissues Phosphorus P Sources yogurt almonds sunflower seeds salmon milk steak chicken ham cheddar cheese and eggs Bioavailability also can be found in some processed foods and soft drinks as phosphoric acid Regulation of blood P levels When levels are low calcitriol together with PTH increase phosphorous absorption in the slam intestine and phosphorus resorption from bones When levels are high calcitonin stimulates the bone building activity of the osteoblasts The osteoblasts in turn take up phosphorus from the blood thus helping lower blood phosphorus back to healthy levels Functions helps in structure of biological membranes transport of lipids in the body via lipoproteins is a component in genetic material and is in ATP is also essential for protein synthesis and energy metabolism Toxicity mineralization of soft tissue Magnesium Mg Sources beans nuts and seeds Bioavailability variable and is likely that several dietary factors influence its absorption Regulation of blood levels When levels are low absorption in the small intestine and reabsorption by the kidneys increase When levels are high the opposite of above Functions important for bones and to stabilize anions Deficiency causes abnormal nerve and