Chapter 4 Types of questions 2 Types Structured Unstructured Structured Dichotomous Response Formats when question has 2 possible responses T F Y N Agree Disagree Nominal has a next to each response that has no meaning 1 2 3 Ordinal 1 is most favorite 4 least favorite asked to rank them in preference Interval 1 to 5 rating or 1 to 7 or 9 The size of the interval between potential response Filter or Contingency Ask one question to see if they are experienced enough to answer Unstructured Unstructured response open ended written text Question content 4 1b Question necessary useful do you need exact or an estimate Are several questions needed Don t combine two issues in one Do respondents have the needed info Does the question need to be more specific Is the question sufficiently general Is the question biased or loaded Will the respondent answer truthfully 4 c Response format how we collect the answer from the respondent Fill in the blank simplest used for a of questions Check the answer sometimes the question is referred as multioption variable Circle the answer Question placement REF 4 1e Opening questions determine the tone of the survey Sensitive ques Develop trust before asking uncomfortable questions Guidelines for question sequencing Chapter 5 Constructing an index Conceptualization Operationalization and meadurment Development of rules for calculating the score Validation of the index score REF 5 1b REF 5 2 Scaling units Typically yields a single numerical score that represents the construct of interest Is a process not the same as a response scale Differences between scaling and response scales REF 5 1 Table Scale results from a process each item on a scale has a scale value Construction of a measure based on associating qualitative judgments about a construct with qualitative metric Response used to collect the response for an item item not associated with a scale value REF 5 2a REF5 2b REF5 2c REF5 2d General issues in scaling Thurstone scaling Equal appearing intervals Developing the focus Generating potential Items Rating the Scale Items Selecting the Final Scale Items Administering the Scale Likert scaling Defining the focus Generating the Items Rating the Items Selecting the Items Administering the Scale Guttman scaling Defining the focus Develop the Items Rate the Items Develop the Cumulative Scale Chapter 6 Qualitative measures REF 6 1 Qualitative research is any research that relies primarily or exclusively on quantitative measures Data not recorded in numerical form Qualitative research is used to generate new theories or hypotheses achieve a deep understanding of an issue develop detailed stories to describe a phenomenon When to use qualitative measures REF 6 1a Includes any info that can be captured that is not numerical in nature In depth interviews Direct observation written documents Qualitative traditions REF 6 1d Ethnography studying phenomenon in the context of its culture Phenomenology studying how a phenomenon in experienced by participants Field research researcher observes a phenomenon in its natural state Grounded theory develop a theory about a phenomenon of interest Qualitative methods REF 6 1e Participant observation researcher becomes a participant in the culture being observed Direct observation researcher not a member of the culture being studied but remains unobtrusive Unstructured interviewing direct interaction between the researcher and respondent no structured interview or set direction Case studies intensive study of a specific individual or specific context The quality of qualitative research REF 6 1f Unobtrusive measures REF 6 2 Indirect Measures researcher collects data without the participant being aware of it Attention must be paid to ethical considerations possible of deception invasion of privacy no informed consent Content analysis REF 6 2b Systematic analysis of text in order to identify patterns Indexing Identification of units of analysis Thematic analysis of text Quantitative descriptive analysis May involve sampling from the population of potential texts Coding units analysis Limitations Re analysis of qualitative data May involve combining info from multiple data sets Can be used for replication or to subject to other more sophisticated analyses Limitations