PET 4551 Study Guide for Final Please know material from previous study guides Know how to use the metabolic equations Conversions o 1 mph 26 8 m min o 1 liter of oxygen consumed 5 kcals o 1 inch 2 54 cm o 2 2 lbs 1 kg o 1 MET 3 5 ml kg min o Monark leg ergometer fly wheel 6 m rev o Watts kg m min 6 12 1 2 3 Know terms for isometric eccentric concentric isokinetic isotonic muscular strength muscular endurance and flexibility Know the physiological mechanisms of how strength increases over time Isometric same length hand grip dynamometer Eccentric length of the muscle increases should last 3 4 seconds inhale Concentric length of the muscle decreases should last 2 3 seconds exhale Muscular strength 1 RM the maximal amount of weight that can be lifted one time Isokinetic same velocity rehab machines Biodex Isotonic same tension free weights through the full range of motion Muscular endurance a submaximal amount of weight that can be lifted repeatedly over a period of time through the full range of motion Flexibility ability to move the joint through a full range of motion Physiological mechanisms of how strength increases over time o Decrease in reflexive protective mechanism o Increase in number of motor unit synchronization o Increase in motor unit firing rate o Hypertrophy in Type I and II fibers 4 8 weeks depending on age o Increase in size of myofibrils o Increase in total amount of contractile protein o Increase in lean body mass 4 Know conduction blocks First Degree Second Degree Mobitz Type I or Wenckebach Block Mobitz Type II Third Degree Heart Block First degree prolonged delay of conduction through AV node o PR interval 0 20 secs o Every atrial impulse gets through to ventricles o P wave way out front of QRS complex Second degree not every atrial impulse gets through to ventricles o Mobitz Type 1 Wenckebach Block within AV node Longer and longer delay until conduction does not go through usually after 3 or 4 o Mobitz Type 2 Block below AV node Progressive lengthening does not occur EKG shows normal PR and QRS complex and then a beat will be dropped May require a pacemaker Third degree no atrial impulses make it through to activate ventricles o Ventricles respond by generating an escape beat at 30 45 bpm o Atrial is normal around 60 100 bpm o QRS complex is wide b c of ventricular origin o P waves are regular but wider you have to count them Same interval same space ventricles at regular rhythm 5 Know what the right and left bundle branch blocks look like Know characteristics Right bundle branch block o Conduction through right side occurs after left side has depolarized o QRS complex 0 12 secs o V1 and V2 will have RSR rabbit ears o Lateral leads I aVL V5 and V6 will have deep S waves Left bundle branch block o QRS complex greater than 0 12 secs o Lateral left leads I aVL V5 and V6 will have marked prolongation in the R waves which will have a broad or notched tip o Leads over right ventricle will have deep S waves o Left axis deviation may also occur 6 Know all of the arrhythmias including the two preexcitation conditions and the stages of a myocardial infarction Know how to diagnose a Myocardial Infarction What tests do we do Pre excitation Syndrome when conduction is generated quicker than usual o Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome By pass called the Bundle of Kent PR interval 0 12 secs QRS complex is wide and sloped the wave is called the Delta wave o Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome Accessory pathway is intranodal James Fibers PR interval is shortened Can cause arrhythmias such as Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia PSVT Atrial Fibrillation Stages of a myocardial infarction o Blocked coronary artery plaque with fibrous cap cap rupture blood clot forms death of heart tissue o EKG stages T wave peaking followed by T wave inversion indicates ischemia ST segment elevation indicates injury Appearance of new Q waves indicates irreversible myocardial cell not infarction death How to diagnose a myocardial infarction o History physical examination o Cardiac enzymes Creatine kinase MB 6 hrs Troponin I or T 2 3 hrs o EKG Why do we have pacemakers What do the different rhythms look like with the different pacemakers Know what happens to the cardiovascular and muscular system with aerobic and strength training in other words what are the mechanisms behind the physiological improvements 7 8 9 Know the components of physical fitness Components of physical fitness o Muscular strength o Muscular endurance o Body composition o Cardiovascular o Flexibility o Balance for elderly population o Warm up 5 10 mins Active warm up Stretching o Aerobic 20 30 mins o Strength 20 30 mins o Cool down 5 mins 10 Know the components of an exercise program how long should you spend on each component Components of an exercise program Active cool down Stretching most benefits in flexibility here 11 Know the benefits of strength training flexibility and aerobic conditioning Benefits of strength training o strength o muscle mass o or maintain bone density o ability to perform ADL o resistance to injuries falls o self esteem o risk of some CVD risk factors Benefits of flexibility o Resistance to injuries o Decrease in lower back pain o Improved posture o Improvement in range of motion o Decreased tightness of muscles ligaments o Poor joint movement can lead to abnormalities in joint lubrication deterioration o Reduction of DOMS Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness Due to actual damage inflammation o Relief of aches pains from tension sitting for too long o Improved body position for sport Benefits of aerobic exercise o blood pressure o cholesterol o blood sugar o body fat o risk of coronary heart disease CHD o risk of diabetes o risk of some cancers o risk of stroke o stress o depression anxiety 12 Know the exercise prescription according to the American College of Sports Medicine for healthy adults for aerobic strength and flexibility Know how to write an exercise prescription Exercise Prescription for Aerobic Exercise o Frequency 3 5 times per week o Duration 20 60 mins o Intensity 40 50 85 of HRR or 60 90 of HRmax o Mode activities a person enjoys such as walking cycling dancing etc Exercise Prescription for Strength Training o Warm up 5 min of light walking or endurance activity 5 10 mins of slow stretching o Frequency 2 3 times per week o Volume 1 2 sets 8 12 reps or 10 15 reps older adults Each rep is performed slowly 2 3 secs concentric 3 4 secs eccentric o Intensity 60 80 of 1 RM o Number of exercises 10
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