Study Guide Exam 1 1 Chronological age may differ from one nation or group to another Usually 65 in the US 2 Functional age based on how people look and what they can do Can categorize people as well elderly somewhat impaired elderly frail elderly 3 Subjective age as young as you feel 4 Social role age Changing roles being a grandparent being retired 5 Cohort aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time in terval EXAMPLE children born the same year college freshman AKA generation a Swing generation oldest 1900 1926 b Silent generation 1927 1945 Great depression and WWII c Baby Boomers 1946 1964 biggest cohort d Baby Bust 1965 1976 small cohort e Echo Boomers 1977 1994 children of baby boomers f Millenials 1995 2005 born at dawn of new century 6 Ageism set of beliefs about and attitudes toward the aged can also involve patronizing a Discrimination denying people opportunities because of their age b Prejudice holding negative stereotypes about older people 7 Transitions role changes individuals make as they leave school take a job get married have children or retire a Trajectory series of transitions b Countertransitions produced by others role changes 8 Age effect changes that occur as a result of advancing age EXAMPLE declining the elderly health 9 Cohort effect social change occurs as one cohort replaces another EXAMPLE baby boomers are the newest cohort to grow old 10 Period effect impact of a historical event on the entire society EXAMPLE 9 11 11 Longitudinal research follow the same group of people over time a Advantages 1 Better for distinguishing age effects from cohort effects 2 Make inferences about age change within each cohort and the effect of living through a period across cohorts b Disadvantages 1 Costly re interview several times 2 Biases as people drop out of study 12 Cross sectional research Same info collected on people in several age groups a Advantages b Disadvantages 1 Less costly 2 Can draw conclusions about cohort effects that can t be gained through the study of a single age group 1 Can t determine whether age differences are die to aging or cohort effects 2 Do people grow more conservative or have older people always been more conservative tiring 13 Major life course transitions that most people experience Marriage having children re 14 Social clock Appropriate ages for making various life course transitions formed by age norms order major life events EXAMPLE marriage children retiring 15 Disengagement theory first formal theory of aging 1961 Cumming and Henry a Normal aging involves a natural and inevitable process of disengagement b Because of inevitability of death the society and the individual mutually server their ties in advance so that the death of the individual will not be disruptive to the social system c Results in decreasing interaction between aging person and social system d Process is universal and inevitable e Changes that make it difficult for people to remain active 16 Activity theory Havighurst formalized activity theory a Believed the person who aged optimally managed to stay active and resist the shrinkage of his or her social world b Successful aging was active aging 17 Continuity theory Proposed by Atchley a More formal elaboration of activity theory using life course perspective to de fine normal aging b Emphasizes that personality plays a major role in adjustment to aging and that adult development is a continuous process c Normal aging definition is controversial 18 Subculture Arnold Rose Based on idea that older people share common interests com mon role changes common generational experiences excluded by younger people 19 Exchange theory a Social interaction between individuals is based on rational calculations b People seek to maximize rewards from exchanges and minimize costs c Resources are often unequal will continue to engage while it benefits greater costs d Interaction between old and young decreases because older have fewer re sources lower income poorer health less education 20 Deferred exchange strategies recognizes the importance of strong ties built up over time 21 Modernization Theory was once a golden age of aging EXAMPLE old were few in number held great power and authority in community and family modernization was re sponsible for the decline in status of aged EXAMPLE self employed declined lost eco nomic independence forced into retirement moving to city destroyed the extended fam ily household 22 Age segregation separation of people based on their age discrimination 23 Age integration 24 Fertility measure of births or inflow if new lives into population all three are demo graphic processes 25 Mortality measure incidence of death in a population 26 Migration movement of people across borders 27 Life expectancy average number of years people in a given population can expect to live mean age at death higher for females 28 Life span Longest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive Age 29 Sex ratio Number of males for every 100 females for every 106 male babies there are 100 females 30 Population pyramid bar chart that reflects the distribution of population by age and sex a Population pyramids change during course of demographic transition 1 Stage one Economy is agricultural woman marry young and have many children infants commonly die few reach adulthood few survive to old age Birth and death rates high 2 Stage two Declining death rates and population growth control of infectious and parasitic diseases More babies survive into adulthood structure grows younger bottom of pyramid expands These children reach childbearing age leads to significant population growth Life expectancy increase 3 Stage three Population as whole begins to age more death caused by chronic ailments Pyramid more rectangular in shape 31 Know basic trends in fertility and mortality in the United States as well as the causes of these trends a Fertility Climb in 1946 peaking in 1958 3 17 children per woman dropped dramatically between 1971 and 1980 1 7 children per woman REASONING birth control increased woman education female labor force participation b Mortality greatest declines in 1940s medical advances helped infant and child mortality and maternal mortality and 1970s better prevention and treatment for heart disease 32 How has life expectancy changed in the United States over the 20th century a Enormous increase b 1900 1966 increased nearly 30 years 47 3 76 1 c Chance of living to