Yellow causative agent Green symptoms unique to disease Light Blue toxins virulence factors Purple vaccine Violet specific medicine Digestive system infections Upper digestive Dental Carries tooth decay Causative agent Streptococcus mutans Live only on teeth Thrive in acidic environments Convert sucrose into extracellular insoluble polysaccharies called glucans Symptoms Pathogenesis Usually advanced before symptoms develop Discolorations roughness defect tooth may break Severe throbbing pain or toothache usually first sign Strep adhere to pellicle on tooth and create plaque Split sucrose into glucose and fructose polymerize glucose into glucans and ferment fructose Lactic acid lowers pH Glucans create thicker biofilm Epidemiology Prevention and Treatment Worldwide distribution Most common in teen years and falls with age Sucrose consumption Fluoridation in U S has reduced by 60 Brushing and flossing reduce incidence by half Restricting dietary sucrose Drilling out cavity and replacing with filling Periodontal disease Gingivitis swelling and redness of guma Chronic periodontitis destructive response that damages structures that support teeth Causative agent Dental plaque at point where gum joins tooth Mostly gram anaerobes Poryphyromonas gingivalis Treponema denticola Tannerella forsythia Symptoms Gingivitis marked by gums that are tender and bleed easily Pathogenesis Chronic periodeontitis gums that bleed easily loosening of teeth characterized by bad breath red shiny Plaque and tartar accumulate extends into gingical crevice Bacterial products incite inflammatory response Microbes release enzymes that widen and deepen gingival cavity Toll like receptors of tissues detect LPS endotoxin release cytokines that damage nearby tissue Membrane attaching root to bone weakens bone becomes soft tooth becomes loose Epidemiology 90 at 65 smokers and impaired immunity are factors Prevention and Treatment Flossing and brushing Cleaning minor surgery to remove Helicobacter pylori Causative agent Helicobacter pylori Gram Microaerophilic with multiple short flagella Symptoms Pathogenesis Most infections are asymptomatic Belching vomiting may occur Peptic ulcers of stomach duodenum may produce localized abdominal pain tenderness bleeding Stomach cancer can also develop Can survive acidic environments like stomach Produces urease Use flagella to burrow within mucus layer inject into host cells change shape and surface Protein CagA characteristics VacA acts on mucosal cells to promote flow of urea Damage to cells and inflammation results in decreased mucus production Epidemiology 1 in 5 adults infected Transmitted fecal oral route Bacteria found in well water Infectious rates highest in low socioeconomic groups Antibiotics plus medication to inhibit acid production Allow healing of gastritis ulcers Prevention and Treatment Herpes simplex cold sores Causative agent Herpes simplex virus Enveloped dsDNA HSV 1 most oral infections HSV 1 usually genital infections Symptoms Fever small blisters in mouth that break in day or two Produce painful superficial ulcers Lesions heal within 10 days but virus persists Recurrent cold sores called herpes simplex labialis Usually less severe than initial infection tingling itching burning on lips and ulcers Pathogenesis Epidemiology Virus multiplies on epithelium destroys cells Some cells fuse to produce multinucleated giant cells Cell nucleus contains intranuclear inclusion body where virus replicates Viral DNA persists in nerve cells in latent form Stress can reactivate Initial infection in childhood Up to 90 US infected Virus transmitted by close contact but can survive for several hours on plastic and cloth so fomites possible Greatest risk contact with lesions or saliva within a few days of disease onset Prevention and Treatment Acyclovir penciclovir target HSV DNA polymerase Do not affect latent virus so no cure Sunlight can trigger so sunscreen useful Mumps Causative agent Mumps virus Enveloped ssRNA Paramyxovirus family Symptoms Onset marked by fever loss of appetite headache Followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid glands Spasm of underlying muscle makes talking and chewing hard Symptoms can arise elsewhere in body o Headache stiff neck indicative of meningitis o Pregnant women often miscarry o Rare but serious consequences death from brain infection most likely to occur in elderly o Sudden onset deafness has been reported Symptoms generally more severe past onset of puberty o Orchitis o Ovarian involvement is manifested in pelvic pain is swelling o testicles 3 4x normal size Pathogenesis Epidemiology Virus inhaled via saliva droplets spreads via bloodstream Virus multiplies in parotid salivary glands inflammatory response Symptoms begin after tissues infected in 15 21 days to virus in saliva yields severe pain and swelling Humans only natural host One type of virus so infection confers lifelong immunity Virus spreads from asymptomatic infections or a week before or two weeks after symptoms appear Was common in US prior to vaccination Now rare outbreaks Prevention and Treatment Attenuated vaccine part of measles mumps rubella and varicella vaccine MMRV No effective treatment Good candidate for eradication Lower digestive infections General characteristics Causative agents Symptoms Enterobacteriaceae Shiggella Salmonela E coli Vibrio cholera Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium dificile Diarrhea loss of appetite nausea vomiting fever Gastroenteritis Incubation period is a day or two Infection of small intestine Infection of large intestine pus sometimes blood stomach flu o Dysentery illness with blood pus in stool copious watery diarrhea smaller amounts containing mucus Enteric fever infection then spread systemically bacterial pathogens first establish an intestinal Strains within different species can differ individual strain can use multiple mechanisms Many genes on plasmids phages or other mobile genetic elements Attachment often prerequisite pili Additional mechanisms toxin production alterations in Pathogenesis epithelial cells cell invasion Epidemiology Fecal oral route commonly from food or water contamination with animal or human feces Sexual oral anal contact can transmit Intestinal pathogens sensitive to acid usually have high infectious dose transmitted by contaminated foods and water Prevention and Treatment Acid resistant pathogens have low infectious dose transmit through direct contact or foods water People with low gastric acidity