Chapter 3c Compartmentation Cells and Tissues 2013 Pearson Education Inc Connective Tissues Structure Ground substance matrix Highly variable Cells Fixed Mobile Matrix fibers Blasts clasts and cytes Collagen elastin fibrillin fibronectin 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 12a 1 ESSENTIALS Connective Tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE is composed of Cells Fixed Mobile Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells O2 and CO2 transport Fight invaders Macrophages Adipocytes Fibroblasts Store energy in fat synthesize Matrix Figure 3 12a 2 ESSENTIALS Connective Tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE is composed of Cells Matrix can be divided into Ground substance Protein fibers Mineralized Gelatinous Syrupy Watery Fibronectin Fibrillin Elastin Collagen Bone Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Cartilage Adipose tissue Blood plasma Connects cells to matrix Forms filaments and sheets Stretch and recoil Stiff but flexible Figure 3 12b ESSENTIALS Connective Tissue Figure 3 13a ESSENTIALS Types of Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue is very flexible with multiple cell types and fibers Fibroblasts are called that secrete matrix proteins Collagen fibers Light micrograph of loose connective tissue Elastic fibers Ground substance is the matrix of loose connective tissue Free macrophage Dense Connective Tissues Tendons Skeletal muscles to bone Ligaments Bones to bones 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 13c ESSENTIALS Types of Connective Tissue Dense Regular Connective Tissue Collagen fibers of tendon are densely packed into parallel bundles Collagen fibers Light micrograph of tendon Supporting Connective Tissues Cartilage Solid and flexible Lacks blood supply Nose ears knee windpipe trachea Bone Calcified Strong and rigid 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 13b ESSENTIALS Types of Connective Tissue Bone and Cartilage Hard bone forms when osteo blasts deposit calciumphos phate crystals in the matrix Cartilage has firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells called chondrocytes Matrix Light micrograph of bone Chondrocytes Matrix Light micrograph of hyaline cartilage Additional Connective Tissues Adipose connective tissue White Brown Single lipid droplet Multiple lipid droplets Blood Plasma matrix Free blood cells 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 3 13e ESSENTIALS Types of Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue In white fat the cell cytoplasm is almost entirely filled with lipid droplets Nucleus Lipid droplets Light micrograph of adipose tissue Figure 3 13d ESSENTIALS Types of Connective Tissue Blood Blood consists of liquid matrix plasma plus red and white blood cells and the cell fragments called platelets Red blood cell Platelet Lymphocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil White Blood Cells Light micrograph of a blood smear Muscle Tissues Force and movement Excitable Contractile Three types Cardiac Smooth Skeletal 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 12 1a The Three Types of Muscle Figure 12 1b The Three Types of Muscle Figure 12 1c The Three Types of Muscle Nervous Tissues Neurons nerve cells send signals Excitable Glial cells neuroglia support 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 8 2f Nervous Tissue Parts of a Neuron Nucleus Axon hillock Axon initial segment Myelin sheath Postsynaptic neuron Cell body Dendrites Input signal Integration Output signal Presynaptic axon terminal Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic dendrite Synapse The region where an axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell Table 3 4 Characteristics of the Four Tissue Types Tissue Remodeling Cell death Necrosis Apoptosis programmed cell death cell suicide Stem cells Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent 2013 Pearson Education Inc Organs Groups of tissues with related function Skin as an example of an organ 2013 Pearson Education Inc Figure 12 1a The Three Types of Muscle Figure 3 15 1 FOCUS ON The Skin 1 of 4 The layers of the skin Hair follicles secrete the nonliving keratin shaft of hair Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands that secrete a lipid mixture Arrector pili muscles pull hair follicles into a vertical position when the muscle contracts creating goose bumps Sweat glands secrete a dilute salt fluid to cool the body Sensory receptors monitor external conditions Epidermis consists of multiple cell layers that create a protective barrier The dermis is loose connective tissue that contains exocrine glands blood vessels muscles and nerve endings Hypodermis contains adipose tissue for insulation Artery Vein Blood vessels extend upward into the dermis Apocrine glands in the genitalia anus axillae axilla armpit and eyelids release waxy or viscous milky secretions in response to fear or sexual excitement Sensory nerve Epidermis The skin surface is a mat of linked keratin fibers left behind when old epithelial cells die Figure 3 15 2 FOCUS ON The Skin 2 of 4 Phospholipid matrix acts as the skin s main waterproofing agent Surface keratinocytes produce keratin fibers Desmosomes anchor epithelial cells to each other Epidermal cell Melanocytes contain the pigment melanin Basal lamina Connection between epidermis and dermis Figure 3 15 3 FOCUS ON The Skin 3 of 4 Hemidesmosomes tie epidermal cells to fibers of the basal lamina Basal lamina or basement membrane is an acellular layer between epidermis and dermis Summary Functional compartments of the body Biological membranes Intracellular compartments Tissues of the body Tissue remodeling Organs skin as an example 2013 Pearson Education Inc