EXSC 223 Chapter 1 The Human Body Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another Physiology concerns the functions of the body how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy study of large body structures visible to the naked eye Regional Anatomy all structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time Systemic anatomy body structure is studied system by system Surface anatomy study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye Cytology considers the cell of the body Histology the study of tissues Developmental anatomy traces structural changes that occur throughout lifespan Embryology a subdivision of developmental anatomy concerns developmental changes that occur before birth Renal physiology concerns kidney functions and urine production Neurophysiology explains the workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular physiology examines operation of heart and blood vessels Principle of complementarity of structure and function what a structure can do depends on its specific form Chemical level simplest level of the structural hierarchy Cellular level cells are the smallest units of living things Tissue level tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function 4 basic tissue types are epithelium muscle connective and nervous Organ level an organ in a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types Organ system level organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose Organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive Atoms molecules organelle cells tissues organs organ system organism Structure and function relationship principle of complementarity of structure and function anatomy determines what the physiology can be Function is dependent on structure Life Processes Unique Characteristics of living things o Maintain boundaries o Plasma membranes Skin is a physical barrier maintains boundaries Keeps internal separate from external o Movement Need muscle for movement White blood cells can move from one area to another All of this movement requires energy Silia moving mucus up esophagus o Responsiveness Photoreceptors sensitive to stimuli Tactile cells All sensory input how you detect the world around you Responses to hormones o Digestion Macrophages Not just about food o Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Catabolize food to make anabolic energy o Excretion o Growth Elimination of waste materials Cells multiplying o Reproduction Cells multiply and divide Sexual reproduction Fundamental Concepts 1 Shape is important a Shape of molecule b Critical when it comes to proteins i Altered shape alters function 2 Gradients 3 Regulation Ion gradient wants to regulate via diffusion a b Gradient is source of potential energy a Homeostasis b Regulatory mechanisms in place c Negative feedback loop Homeostasis a dynamic state of equilibrium which maintains a relatively constant internal environment Physiology studies maintenance of internal environment Lack of consistency in the internal environment leads to a disease state ex Diabetes Negative Feedback Mechanisms Activated by loss of homeostasis Try to restore homeostasis Minimize disruption to homeostasis Goal maintain or restore balance Can also effect behavior Receptors control center effectors Negative feedback is trying to maintain homeostasis From receptors to control center afferent From control center to effectors efferent Positive Feedback Mechanism Blood clotting child labor Goal magnify the original stimulus Self sustaining or self perpetuating Not really well understood how the process stops Homeostasis Imbalance and Disease When system cannot restore balance Blood glucose level goes up after eating Type 2 diabetes homeostatic imbalance blood glucose remains elevated Loss of homeostasis leads to disease Important to maintain homeostasis to avoid disease