Final Draft This guide meant ONLY as a way to organize your notes for studying It is not intended as a substitute for reading the chapter or coming to class You are responsible for all readings class lectures and class activities Language Chapter outline 1 The nature of language Language is Symbolic o five quantity Language is Arbitrary mostly Language is governed by rules o car automobile but can also mean other diffrent things Phonological how the word sounds pronunciation Syntactic the way words are arranged What is your name v Name your is what Semantics meaning of word car automobile NOT WASHING MACHINE or FOOD etc Pragmatic interpretation implication of statements o tone context Language has layers of meaning Connotation what people associate with certain words based on personal experiences Denotation dictionary definition Semantic Triangle word denotation connotation Class activity wrote down connotations to words showed that everyone views things differently Loaded Language o Words with a strong positive or negative connotation o Ex cancer Language varies in clarity The Ladder of Abstraction language starts off abstract and as you go up the ladder it becomes more concrete ambiguous language language that we can interpret to have more than one meaning Language is bounded by Context and Culture 2 The power of words Naming defines and differentiates us Credibility empowers us Credibility the extent to which others perceive you to be competent and trustworthy Clich s hurt credibility makes speaker sound disconnected Dialects distinguish regions cultural class hurts credibility Communication accommodation theory speaker changes dialect to seem more credible to audience Accent can hurt credibility when speaking in front of an audience different from them Equivacation language that disguises their true intentions through ambiguity Weasel Words Ex 4 0f 5 dentists recommend a certain gum but that could actually be only 5 dentist surveyed Allness Statements declares that a claim is true with no exceptions You can ignore the section on persuasion 3 Using and abusing language offensive Profanity rude and obscene language that is deemed inappropriate and Euphemism a mild way of saying something blunt EX pass away another way of saying die Slang informal words understood by a certain group Jargon is professional language Defamation harmful words Libel defamatory statements made in print Slander defamatory statements made aloud rumors Hate Speech speech that is highly offensive to certain groups cultures etc You can ignore the book s info on improving your language use EXCEPT FOR the section on I Statements You statements 4 I Statements You statements I statements reflect the responsibility of the person who is feeling some type of way Ex I get angry when you leave our office door open because anyone could come in here and steal my briefcase or your purse I would really appreciate it you would close the door whenever you step out of the office You statements when speaker blames the other person for how they feel Ex You make me so mad Denotation Connotation including the activity we did in class 5 Types of troublesome language Polarized Language either or language no in between Ex hot or cold democrat or republican Gender differences in using language including the Boys Acting Like Girls video 6 Impression Formation create the image we want others to see Nonverbal Chapter outline The nature of NV comm NV is present in most interpersonal conversations NV is usually believed over V NV is the primary means of communicating emotion NV metacommunicates NV conveys more information than V Channels 1 Face including the film we watched in class The Human Face 3 important functions of facial display identity attractiveness emotion 2 Eye Behavior oculesics eye contact pupils get bigger when you see something you like 3 movement gestures body language posture emblem a gesture with direct translation Ex thumbs up illustrators does not have direct translation paints a picture of what is being said affect emotion display gestures that show emotion Ex People wringing their hands when they are nervous regulators regulate communication Ex hand raising adapters things we do to make us more comfortable 4 touch behavior haptics affectionate hugging kissing handholding sexual aggressive punching kicking slapping avoiding touch how much you don t want to touch or be touched 5 vocal behaviors vocalics paralanguage sarcasm heard through the voice accents how quickly or slowly someone talks changes in pitch inflection monotone volume filler words um pronunciation articulation silence 6 smell memories scent is linked with memories sexual attraction women have a more acute sense of smell 7 personal space including the activity at the front of the room 8 appearance if he looks good then you think he s good people go to extreme by using a lot of products to look beautiful 9 time chronemics sends messages about what we value If you come on time you have time to wait If you come late you value your time more 10 artifacts 11 environment not in the book classroom neutral environment implies uou need to focus Place milk in back of the store to make customers walk all the way through Mazelow and Mint Experiment pictures of three rooms people had to rank how attractive the people were in each room People in the ugly room were rated less attractive then people in the pretty room 12 Culture Sex and NV Gestures vary by culture and sex Sex emotional expressiveness Women are more likely to keep eye contact than men Women are more likely to express joy than men men are more likely to show more anger Women have a higher vocalics than men Women have a higher pitch Men use more filler words Men touch women more than women touch men unless the woman is feeling him Women touching women is more likely than men touching men Both go to extreme measures to impress the opposite sex Women use more beauty products 13 Improving your NV comm Be sensitive to people s messages Pay attention to facial expressions body language and tone Decipher the meaning of nonverbal messages Be aware of the situation Keep culture in mind Ask for clarification Expressing nonverbal messages Learn from others Practice being expressive Video clips from Swingers Listening Chapter Outline 1 The nature of listening Hearing and listening are not the same thing Hearing is innate it just happens Listening is an active effort 2 Ways of listening Hearing soundwaves