Chapter 10 Solid solution two or more types of atoms or ions that are dispersed uniformly throughout the material Solute the impurities that may occupy regular lattice sites in the crystal or interstitial sites Alloys material made from multiple elements that exhibits properties of a metallic material Stainless steel alloys that usually contain iron carbon chromium nickel and some other elements Multiple phase alloy alloy that consist of two or more phases Phase any portion including the whole of a system which is physically homogeneous within itself and bounded by a surface that separates it from any other portions Conditions for unlimited solid solubility o Hume Rothery rules Size factor atoms ions must be of similar size with no more than a 15 difference in atomic radius in order to minimize the lattice strain Crystal structure the materials must have the same crystal structure Valence must be same Electronegativity must be same o Solid solution strengthening increasing the strength of a metallic material via the formation of a solid solution Phase Diagrams diagrams showing phases present under equilibrium conditions and the phase compositions at each combination of temp and overall composition Binary PD a phase diagram for a system with two components Isomorphous PD a PD in which the components display unlimited solid solubility Liquidus temperature the temperature above which a material is completely liquid Liquidus Curves on phase diagrams that describe the liquidus temperatures of all possible alloys Solidus temperature The temperature below which all liquid has completely solidified Solidus Curves on phase diagrams that describe the solidus temperature of all possible alloys Freezing range The temperature difference between the liquidus and solidus temperatures pic Three phases Liquid L solid liquid L solid Alloy Composition Brass Copper Zinc Bronze Copper Zinc Tin Pewter Tin Copper Bismuth Antimony Cast Iron Iron Carbon Manganese Silicon Steel Iron Carbon plus small amounts of other elements Stainless Steel Iron Chromium Nickel Solid solution strengthening when the atoms of the new element from a solid solution with the original element but there is still only one phase Chapter 10 o With the solid solution strengthening it ll cause distortions bc the difference in atom size between the parent metla solute metal Substitutional impurity atom atom of a different type than the bulk atoms which has replaced one of the bulk atoms in the lattice usually close in size Interstitial impurity atoms smaller than the atoms in the bulk matrix These fit into the open space between the bulk atoms of the lattice structure They introduce tensile or compressive lattice strains Disrupt the regular arrangement of ions and make it more difficult for layer to slide over each other Makes the alloy stronger and less ductile than the pure metal