Final Study Guide Ch 10 11 12 13 14 Chapter 11 Identity Review questions 1 What are reasons that identity is an adolescent issue a Physical changes of puberty appearance relationships b Cognitive changes imagine possible selves develop a future orientation c Social changes self conceptions self esteem sense of identity 2 What are the three ways in which identity or self development has been studied Be sure you can explain the differences among these three ways of looking at self or identity 3 How does self conception change from childhood to adolescence What does it mean that self conception becomes better organized and integrated a aMore complex abstract self conceptions develop 4 What is false self behavior In which situations are adolescents more likely to show it Think of examples from your own past a Acting in a way that one knows is inauthentic or fake b Most likely to happen in dating situations c Least likely to happen around close friends 5 What is self esteem Explain the difference between baseline self esteem and barometric self esteem a Self esteem how an individual feels about him or herself b Baseline self esteem stable over time c Barometric self esteem adolescents feelings about themselves fluctuate 6 What happens to barometric self esteem during early adolescence day by day a Increased instability 7 Explain the notion of multidimensional self esteem a Different aspects that add up to the feeling of self esteem b Academic competence social competence athletic physical competence appearance romantic appeal moral conduct job competence sex differences 8 What are the main sex differences in self esteem What are the causes thought to be a Girls have lower self esteem on average image issues 9 What are SES differences in self esteem a Middle class have higher self esteem than their less affluent peers b Discrepancy grows larger over course of adolescence 10 Describe the differences in self esteem in various ethnic groups What causes have been put forward for these differences a African american s have highest self esteem then white adolescents and then equally is Hispanics Asians native americans 11 What appear to be antecedents for high self esteem across all groups a Parental approval peer support success in school 12 Describe Erikson s crisis of identity versus identity diffusion How is this crisis resolved according to Erikson How does this make the social context in which identity formation takes place of importance a Crisis of identity establishment of coherent sense of identity is chief psychosocial crisis of adolescence adolescent s identity results from a mutual recognition between the young person and society Identity diffusion incoherent disjointed incomplete sense of self don t are to figure out who they are b 13 Explain what psychosocial moratorium identity diffusion identity foreclosure and negative identity are a Psychological moratorium in the midst of figuring out who you are i time out from excessive responsibilities and obligations ii experiment with different roles b c Identity diffusion incoherent disjoined incomplete sense of self don t care to figure out who they are Identity foreclosure bypassing the period of exploration and experimentation Mayhew deciding at age of 9 she wants to be a doctor never explored anything else d Negative identity identities that are undesirable to parents or community choosing an identity to just rub into parents face 14 Explain how James Marcia organized identity development a To what extent did you look at other options before choosing and committing Chapter 11 remainder 15 How does identity develop over time Which aspects are developed earlier and which later What is the effect of college on identity development Identity is established 18 and on a b During college vocational plans solidify c College may prolong psychosocial moratorium i Especially for religious and political beliefs d individuals can move from one identity to another during adolescent and young adult years 1 How does identity develop over time Which aspects are developed earlier and which later What is the effect of college on identity development a During college vocational plans solidify b College longer psychosocial moratorium 2 What are the three general trends in the development of value autonomy during adolescence a b Increasingly abstract in the way they think about moral political and religious issues Increasingly rooted in general principles that have some ideological basis c Increasingly founded in young persons s own values and not merely in a system of values passed on by parents or authority figures 3 Explain how moral reasoning is assessed and why dilemmas are such a good tool to do this resolve conflict a 6 stages of moral development moving to higher stage by need to b each level has limitations on sophistication of moral thinking i age determines how much abstraction is possible 4 What are the levels of moral reasoning distinguished by Kohlberg a 3 levels each with two stages b preconventional i stage 1 punishment and obedience 1 2 take whatever course of action necessary to avoid punishment intentionality is not considered only consequences ii stage 2 instrumental 1 do what benefits you do what feels good and is rewarding 2 self interest c conventional dominant stage in adolescence i maintaining social order ii adopted standards of community living up to the standards of a group iii stage 3 conformity nice girl good boy 1 moral behavior is what pleases others and approved by them he means well iv stage 4 social accord law and order 1 maintain order laws must be followed d postconventional i development of genuine inner controls ii stage 5 social contract 1 laws are important but can be changed some values are more important than the law iii stage 6 universal principles 2 1 social conventionas are imperfect reflections of universal ethical principles individual must look beyond convention and even law to own principles when making moral decisions 3 person uses own sense of right or wrong to determine morality 5 Describe reasoning at the preconventional level the conventional level and the postconventional level Be able to recognize reasoning at these levels 6 What are the stages within Kohlberg s levels of reasoning names and differences in focus If I ask about a stage it will be crystal clear what stage the vignette is referring to a a 7 How is moral behavior different from moral reasoning a Moral behavior situationally