6 9 14 INTRODUCTION Geography physical human Four spheres lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere biosphere Five themes location region movement human earth relationship place GEOGRAPHY Geography the study of the spatial distribution of phenomena of the earth s surface where they are and how they are arranged in space OLD GOEGRAPHY One of the oldest intellectual endeavors Old geography Writing about the earth What is where Based on observation and description of those observations WHY IS GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT HOW CAME TO BE Economics in the 1400s Spain was backwater of Europe then became the best bc of the gold and silver that was being shipped back So political power comes with economics of wealth Military standpoint you want to fight the enemy on your own ground bc you know the area Knowledge of land and resources tactical advantage Cultural search in new people and spread beliefs to Build religions Curiosity it s different exotic new that sparks interest universally curious NEW GEOGRAPHY why are things where they are explanation understanding The first depts Of geog came in the early part of the last century It s a new idea for universities Instead of finding new things it became a why Why are things the way they are Involves explaining the spatial distribution HOLISTIC SYNTHESIS Venn diagram physical in one and human in other PHYSICAL the natural environment Hydrology water and how it moves Climatology weather patterns and how they change and adjust over time Biogeography Geomorphology earth shape or form landscapes and landforms Meteorology Pedology soil HUMAN could be what we create or could be about the humans themselves our arts and culture etc Social geog Cultural goeg Economic geog Behavioral geog Political geog Urban geog THE FOUR CONNECTED PARTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM Management and planning in the middle Lithosphere the solid forms valleys and mountains and land etc Hydrosphere the waters clouds dew Biosphere the living things all organisms along with non living surroundings needed to survive Atmosphere envelope of gasses that surrounds the globe that provides weather and air supports life 5 COMMON THEMES IN GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Location where things are what is where Region area that is internally homogeneous same with respect to some kind of attribute region of the south is an example bc we are different from like new England region where Boston is Human earth relationships the environment impacts people and our actions and in turn we do the same to it Understanding the mutual influences Movement networks links interconnections and pathways and linkages between places and within regions that allow places to interact with each other Rivers ecosystems food webs the natural environment and understanding what these allow Place refers to characteristics and attributes that make a location unique and diff from other locations Nola is different from Boston as a place even though they are two locations THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Image of real world TO gap TO developing a hypothesis TO testing To World image theory hypothesis testing falsification A series of steps to accomplish something Developing new knowledge and understanding They all start out at a beginning point often called the image of the real world preexisting body of knowledge We all have an image of the real world based on our experiences and seen and done etc then we have a gap of our own image and what it really is so we need knowledge to fill in this gap preexisting to new So we form a hypothesis provisional or possible explanation of some phenomenon that needs verification it s a guess but not just a guess it s a thought out guess Use all of your knowledge and research and stuff from books The next thing we need is verification which is testing of it this involves all kinds of activities like experiments or collect data from something Now you could accept or reject the hypothesis If you reject then you go back to the gap If you accept then that becomes a real image Some kind of principle of weight oh newton s stuff it s wrong Then albert Einstein did the theory of relativity There is no force of gravity So basically the notion of gravity is not completely accurate of reality It works well with our lives and stuff but if we look at it small or large the concept is incorrect Always remain skeptical THEORY Einstein made the theory of relativity and his own theory of gravity Theory is a misused word Theory is our existing body of knowledge and books in the library and the commonly held knowledge of how the world works Guess is a hypothesis Theory is general idea of how something works SECOND HALF OF THE LECTURE SYSTEMS THEORY Conceptual model group of concepts and ideas that represents how things work Very abstract in nature and that s where the power is bc it can be applied to a wide range of subjects Like the natural environment or what people do or how computer software works Provides a map of what is important Starts out with a system A system is a set of objects and their attributes that are linked together by flows of matter and energy There are two types of stuff in the universe matter and energy So abstract Doesn t exclude anything Two types of systems closed and open Open matter and energy can enter and leave Closed self contained and no matter or energy leaves or enters the system The earth is an open Bombarded by incoming solar radiation and balances out by radiating out an equivalent amount of energy Also exchanges of matter from like dust from meteorites that are pulled into the gravitational field and we sent some out that escape from the atmosphere Closed Battery powered watch self contained energy source energy and that allows function Though if you leave it there for 10 years it would no longer be a closed functioning system It d hard to think of a true closed system Is the universe open or closed Characteristics of a budget are important Energy can t be created or destroyed Or matter Just change its form Budgets changes in storage outputs and inputs into the system Now the inputs can be greater than the outputs positive budget and the storage will increase Vice versa And if you use up everything the system stops functioning Same with positive the boundaries of the reservoir are all taken up Equilibrium inputs outputs and storage remains constant It s important to manage and work within a system to have it balance normal We could have changes that are unexpected though Negative budget Two main types of