Anthro Midterm Study Guide 1st cataract division bend in the Nile river where water is rapid divides at Aswan map Archaeology study of material remains of human behavior not dead bodies A Group culture b w 1st and 2nd cataracts of nile river 2nd dynasty Nubia strong beliefs in the afterlife scarce in resources B Group distinctive pottery and tombs farmers and some herding Annual Flood flooding of the nile 2 weeks annually first noticed at cataracts left behind sediments they believed it was a sign of a god Agriculture Farming adopted by Egypt caused increase in disease faster production organized labor more children born Bevel rim bowl made by the Uruk culture of Mesopotamia clay pots small undecorated mass produced Bulla Token used to keep opening of money bags made of clay and sealed impressions looked like roman numerals tokens used for a counting technique to pass messages City permanent huge settlement local law administration in place City state centralized city with its own government surrounded by other territory share languages and beliefs ex Mesopotamian states Uruk Civilization complex state society densely populated settlements agriculture trade centralized power Colonialism moving into a society to take control installing leaders to help change them control over resources ex America w Africa Complexity Simplicity Wengrow as social complexity organization increases daily life is simpler more routine controlled Conspicuous Consumption spending money on acquiring goods to publicly display economic power elaborate tombs burial rituals Craft Specialization allows for more production comes with an increase in social controls Cuneiform wedge shaped characters used in ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia impressed on clay tablets Cylinder Seals similar to a stamp used to roll on clay to make impression w characters on it form of a signature cuneiform used in Uruk Mesopotamia Domestication genetic changes either intentional or unintentional in a species sheep first animals wheat first crop Giza plateau desert city Khufo Khafra Menkaura pyramids dominate plateau Sphinx Halaf Hassuna Samarra Mesopotamia Agricultural societies wheat first Hierarchy a system organization in which people are ranked one above the other according to status authority Hierakonopolis religious political capital of Egypt also known as Nekhen Ideology a system of ideas ideals that form the basis of economic and political theories and policies Imperialism a policy of extending a country s power and influence through diplomacy or military force rule by an empire ex China s relationship w Africa and Nubia Irrigation assists growing of crops disposal of sewage more production Egypt first to use allowed Egypt to work around desert environment and make great wealth as an Agricultural society also in Mesopotamia Jericho oldest city located in Mesopotamia along river home to Natufian Hunter gatherers Literacy the ability to read and write with this became much faster growth in civilizations Long distance trade necessary in state level society Mastaba type of tomb rectangular sloping sides mud bricks from nile Mesopotamia land between rivers land b w Tigris and Euphrates rivers Middle Kingdom 2000 1700 bc Egypt 10 11th dynasties fought for power back after collapse of old Monumental architecture large manmade structures of stone earth used as public building spaces tombs pyramids built by many for many Narmer pharaoh unifier of Egypt first dynasty first pharaoh of unified Egypt Neolithic later part of the stone age new stone age advances in technology Nubia region along the nile divided up b w a and b groups imperialized by egypt Old Kingdom 3rd to 6th dynasty in Egypt Pharaoh ruler in ancient Egypt Predynastic ivory tags early hieroglyphs oldest examples of egyptian writing Prestige Goods exchange goods of high value copper enhanced value of trade b w elites who controlled them Pyramids Meso ziggurats for religion Egypt for sun god as tombs for royals pharaohs Redistributive economy heavy flow of income to centralized power and out Religion beliefs cultural systems of worship many have narratives symbols and explain the origin of life Egypt if you serve pharaoh you will be granted heaven Meso supernatural forces controlled them many gods Royal Tombs of Ur buried an enormous amount of wealth retainers buried w royals servants who died to join ruler in afterlife Saqqara ancient burial ground in Egypt step tomb Secondary State states that emerged through contact w other states ex USA and Rom emp Sedentism transition from nomadic lifestyle to permanent settlements Standardized Measurements widely accepted and approved assessments of units State level Society record keeping surplus long distance trade monuments centralized government labor large populations Sumer located in south Mesopotamia land of civilized kings Surplus an excess more than demand needed in mesopotamian society Technologies of Social Control Territorial State concerned with territory and maintaining power of it Egypt Ubaid pottery prehistoric mesopotamia intricate pottery Uruk first real cities city state in Mesopotamia oldest rapid population growth ziggurat temple Writing helped growth of civilizations slow diffusion response to social pressure bureaucracy Ziggurat Mesopotamian pyramids temple on top for ceremonial bureaucratic most famous site of Ur MAP Label 1st cataract in the Nile Jericho Giza Israel Palestine Mesopotamia Shipwreck Ulubrian Uruk Mesopotamia Nubia Egypt