Chapter Energy Balance Weight Control 1 Describe the trends of obesity in the US and how it influences the risk of chronic diseases Men and women of all races are affected The problem is no longer limited to adults Energy balance is no longer in balance 10lbs of weight gain 2 inch increase in waist size Risk HTN CVD diabetes certain cancers stroke gallbladder disease sleep disorders joint diseases 2 How does energy balance regulate body weight Energy in Energy out 0 energy balance Energy in Energy out 0 negative energy balance Energy in Energy out 0 positive energy balance More IN than OUT over time weight gain More OUT than IN over time weight loss 3 What is a kcal And give an example of how energy content is determined Kcal measures the amount of energy that is supplied to or expanded by the body Kcal represents fuel for the body that result in ATP production Fat tissue contains 3500 kcal per pound To lose 1 lb in 1 wk you need a 500 kcal deficit per day max fat loss min muscle loss and way you can do it To gain 1 lb in 1 wk you need a 1000 kcal surplus per day 4 What are TEE and the components that comprise energy expenditure Total Energy Expenditure Energy Out total energy used expended during 24 hr period Basal Metabolism physical activity thermic effect of foods and thermogenesis 5 Basal Metabolism Minimum energy required by an individual in the resting state for functions such as breathing and circulation of the blood 60 70 of total energy Maintain energy for heartbeat respiration and body temperature Varies between individuals but approximately 1 kcal min or 1440 kcal day 6 Is it possible to exceed expenditure from basal metabolism Depends on daily activities intensity and duration Small lifestyle changes easily affect physical activity expenditure 7 Physical activity Lack of activity is a major cause of obesity Increases energy expenditure More activity more energy burned Increase lean body mass Can account for 25 40 of TEE highly variable 8 Thermic effect of Food Energy used to digest absorb and metabolize food nutrients Sales tax of total energy consumed 5 10 above the total calories consumed TEE is highest for protein carbs and fats 9 Adaptive Thermogenesis Non voluntary physical activity triggered by overeating fidgeting and shivering maintenance of muscle tone and posture Overeating increase sympathetic nervous system activity and resists weight gain Brown adipose tissue found in mammals function to generate heat in newborn and it synthesizes the ATP 10 How does an energy requirement estimated 662 9 53 x AGE PA x 15 91 x WT 539 6 x HT Men 19 years Women 19 years 354 6 91 x AGE PA x 9 36 x WT 726 x HT 11 Healthy weight Current height and weight standards 12 BMI Body mass index Works well for large populations not good for certain populations Good predictor for weight related chronic diseases CVD cancer HTN diabetes join disease BMI weight in kg height in m2 Underweight 19 kg m2 Normal Ideal 19 25 kg m2 Overweight 25 30 kg m2 Obese 30 kg m2 13 How is adiposity measured Skinfold assessment measures the thickness of skinfolds body fat Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistant of electrical flow more the resistance the more body fat Underwater weighing measures body mass and volume DXA measures body fatness and bone density 14 How does body shape influence health risk Android upper body obesity apple shape Caused by excessive alcohol and testosterones Abdominal fat is released into the liver and promotes inflammation in the body CVD hypertension type 2 diabetes Gynoid lower body obesity pear shape Encouraged by estrogen and progesterone After menopause upper body is more common Fewer health risks 15 What is the cause of obesity and its influence in genes and environmental factors Lack of energy balance inactive lifestyle environment and genes Genes affects metabolic rate fuel use brain chemistry and body shape leptin assist in weight regulation satiety hormone Environmental class age 16 What are the components of a healthy diet Seek advice from registered dietitian Acknowledge need for lifelong changes to maintain healthy weight Control calorie intake and increase physical activity 17 Describe the roles and effectiveness of drugs in regulating body weight and invasive approaches for losing body weight Amphetamine prolongs the activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine decreases appetite Sibutramine increase heart attacks and strokes enhances norepinephrine and serotonin activity decreases appetite Orlistat inhibits fat digestion malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins requires a supplement before bed Chapter 12 13 Under Nutrition around the World 1 Food insecurity 2 Hunger 3 Famine Condition of anxiety when you re running out of food or money to buy food Physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs Extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population Characteristics large scale loss of life social disruption economic chaos human distress Causes crop failure bad weather war political unrest Somali Ethiopia Sudan North Korea 4 Malnutrition 5 Under nutrition 6 Semi starvation Condition of impaired development or function caused by deficiency or excess Food supply insufficient to meet needs of a population Often no obvious signs systems effects reproductive capacity weakened immune system Chronic weight loss fatigue muscle soreness hunger pains lack of ambitions decreased heart rate and muscle tone 7 What is the global issue of under nutrition And how it differs between developed and developing countries About 15 live at or below poverty level and 34 are children More related to socioeconomic trends than scarcity of food 8 What are the common nutrients associated with malnutrition And whom it affects Describe how under nutrition occurs in the US Iron vitamin A B1 B3 B9 D Recession mortgage problems foreclosure Low income areas living close to food places or stores Unemployment and insufficient welfare assistance 9 What are the resources for addressing under nutrition And who is eligible School lunch program established school breakfast program for free or reduced cost and food stamps Low income families and adult care programs over 60 10 Describe how biotechnology can be effective in achieving a sustainable food supply May contribute to meeting food needs GMO cross breeding of plants and animals has inconsistent results Recombinant DNA technology Benefits synthesis of crops that resists disease reduction under
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