Lecture 1 Rene Descartes b 1596 January 28 2015 Mind Body Dualism 1633 year of Galileo s Trial o Human behavior voluntary o Animal behavior nonvoluntary Sensory stimuli Brain Reflex Motor system common between humans and animals Brain Pineal gland basis for the mind o Gateway to the soul or the actual soul o Originated voluntary actions o Genesis of the term slippery slope British Empiricists Group of philosophers that presumed all behavior is subject to physical law the mind is a physical entity Everything you know about the world must be learned John Lock d 1705 David Hume d 1703 Thomas Hobbes died 1679 Tabula Rasa blank slate All learning based on the process of association formation o Sensory information is grouped into sensible units o Used reading as example F associated with sound o Primary rules Contiguity things happen together in time and space Temporal and spatial contiguity Similar Contrast o Secondary rules Repetition Salience The more intense things are the more likely they are to get associated Prior learning competition The Genesis of Modern Psychology Herman Ebbinghaus 1860 o Often regarded as the Father of Psychology o Studied how we remember lists of words Doesn t teach himself words that can have multiple meanings Teaches himself nonsense syllables Makes up words DEG GUD DUB MOZ WUM BAX TES VOR KEX GAM Observes a learning curve repetition Recency the most recent thing you learned and primacy the first thing you learn Interference Proactive interference o Things previously learned interfering with learning new stuff Middle of word list is interfering with beginning of the list Retrograde retroactive interference o Things currently being learned is interfering with things previously learned End of word list interferes with middle and beginning of list Proximity Easier to remember words in order than it is in a random sequence One words evokes a memory of another word proximal to it Savings Facilitated Reacquisition Takes less time to recover a memory Retrieval is more impaired over time than the storage Trial spacing Massed vs distributed Spaced training always works better than Act of working harder helps to consolidate massed training recollection Active recreating Ivan Pavlov 1892 Edward Thorndike 1902 02 04 2015 Lecture 3 February 4 2015 Excitatory Conditioning increase in behavior Eyeblink conditioning o Tone CS and animal gets air US blown in eye o Blinks eye in preparation for air in eye Excitatory Conditioning produces decrease in behavior Conditioning salivation Autoshaping Fear conditioning Heart rate conditioning Taste aversion Control of Pain Animal is put in a box Box becomes signal for shock o Conditioned stimulus Endorphins o Reduces the perception of pain by circulating in central nervous system o Animal in box exhibits a decrease in pain sensitivity Specific to this event Experiment 2 o Rat gets injections of heroin 10 days in a row Day 1 5 mg kg sublethal dose Day 2 5 mg kg Day 3 5 mg kg Day 4 5 mg kg Day 5 5 mg kg Day 6 5 mg kg Day 7 5 mg kg Day 8 5 mg kg Day 9 5 mg kg Day 10 20 mg kg Tolerance to drug is built as the days go on You become less sensitive to drug as time goes on making you need more of the drug to have any reaction to it receptors have become desensitized Back in home cage Day 11 20 mg kg Rat overdoses and dies Tolerance goes back down in a different environment The context box is modulating the response to the drug Conditioning Sexual Responses Conditions that support classical conditioning Fear Conditioning diagram 2 o Tone CS o Shock US Delay Conditioning with fear conditioning diagram 3 o Overlap between CS and US o Interstimulus interval Delay conditioning with no overlap diagram 4 o Produces slightly worse learning Long delay conditioning diagram 5 o Produces worse learning than short CS s because it s much harder to detect the relationship between the two events Eyeblink 5 seconds Fear conditioning 5 200 seconds Taste aversion learning 24 hours o Most primal form of learning o Taste takes a long time to cause illness think of food poisoning It doesn t happen right away Trace Conditioning diagram 6 weakest contiguity o Memory trace that has to bind the trace together o Hardest form to learn o Produces smaller response than delayed conditioning Lectures 4 5 February 9 2015 February 11 2015 Contiguity matters Simultaneous Contiguity perfect see diagram 8 Proximity and time predicts the best association Ideas of Pavlov Neural Trace o Distraction o If an animal is being shocked he s not paying any mind to the conditioned stimulus tone Information hypothesis o Formulated by Riscorla o The reason animals don t learn is because CS does not provide useful information o Information is the basis for learning Contiguity is neither necessary or sufficient for learning Conditioned inhibition Cannot be seen directly in behavior Conditioned stimulus tell the animal that the US will not happen Two tests o Retardation o Summation An inhibitor will be hard to convert to an exciter Refer to diagram 1 An inhibitor will oppose ongoing excitation Excitation CS US CS 10 Random CS US CS 0 Inhibition unpaired CS US CS 0 NOT IN BOOK Clark Hull Stimulus Response Habit strength Reflexive Inflexible Passive responding Law of effect o If you engage in a behavior that produces a good outcome the behavior will occur more often Automatic o Does not require thought intervening cognition Edward Tolman Stimulus S Cognitive minority view Choice Expectations Predictions Learned relationships Representations o Mental image Flexible Controlled o Requires thinking intervening cognition US Devaluation Stage 1 o Tone food Tone salivation o Free food Tone X no salivation Behavioral contrast o Crespi 1936 You can t be disappointed unless you have an expectancy Consistent with Tolman s view of learning Tolman s Latent Learning Experiment Sequence of reflexes Hull SR o Animal has written a map of its environment and uses that map to guide its behavior o Automatic 02 04 2015 Lecture 7 8 February 18 2015 February 23 2015 Crucial Experiments from 1960s Shows us that contiguity is not sufficient for learning FA o Belongingness Cue to consequence Certain cues result in a certain consequence First time at restaurant pink table cloth and weird bow ties never seen these before Garcia and Koelling 66 o Latent Inhibition Lubow 65 Table 1 John Dave Phase 1 Eats oyster x100 Never had oysters Phase 2 Eats oysters sick Eats oysters sick Oysters Oysters x o Serial overshadowing