Protists continued Apicomplexa Pathogens parasites protists Genus Toxoplasma cat scratch fever children s sandboxes used as litterboxes by local cats spread pathogen Genus Cryplosporidum water treatment plant failure causes this Genus Plasmodium o causes malaria o 200 species 5 are significant human effecting parasites o Plasmodium falciparum most common in Africa 85 90 of malaria deaths worldwide Requires 2 hosts 1 Mosquito a Only single genus Anopheles b These organisms don t get sick intermediate host is called a vector 2 Vertebrate a Birds of Hawaii avian malaria b Reptiles c Amphibians Blood parasite hides within blood cells which saves it from the immune system Transferred through saliva of female mosquito o 9 30 days before it becomes effective o Goes through 36 hour life cycles o Every 1 5 days the infected get 4 6 hours of headache sweating shivering and incredibly high fever o The high fever leads to brain damage Respiratory distress and major organ dysfunction 200 250 million cases globally 1 in 10 people die and 1 in 5 children die 1 child death every 30 seconds Range of drugs used for treatment o This selects for resistant strains to a drug due to the effects of selection Vaccine development continues LLINs get around using drugs o Ross reduce bite rate reduced infection o Developed long lasting insecticidal nets which have greatly reduced malaria prevalence deaths Where is plasmodium malaria o South America Central America Africa Middle East Asia o Hotspot is around the equator o Used to be in the United States drained swamps Can be seen in outbreaks when individuals bring parasite from other places Why North America still has the right kind of mosquitos Phylogeny through major evolutionary changes flow chart will be posted on Blackboard End of material for Exam 3 Plants Helped organisms come out of water 1 Oxygen production 2 Fossil Fuels Peet fossilized plants for fuel 3 Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals 4 Clothing 5 Breakfast When did they first appear 5 MYA 1 billion years after the first prokaryote Oldest fossils resemble green algae Land plants likely evolved from green algae 2 Goups in transition from H2O to Land Likely driven by green algae 1 Charophyta skunkweed 2 Chlorophyta Ulva Charophyta Freshwater Genome level analyses suggest that these are the closest living relatives What led green algae to move to land Water levels dropping Driven by green algae selection pressures associated with habit change and resource Changes in abiotic characteristics Competiton competition What did an early plant s metabolic needs look like Autotrophy energy in carbon necessary for growth reproduction Heterotrophs organic carbon for energy o Example Venus fly trap o Mixotrophs use autotrophy and heterotrophy o Strict heterotrophs NO autotrophy Example Parasitic plants Shamrocks trees roses autotrophs Heterotrophs and autotrophs Pitcher plants produce nectar and bugs are attracted and trapped in nectar with down pointing hairs so bugs can t climb out Parasitic Plants beech drops parasites of roots as beech trees Reproduction of Plants Complex Complex Life Cycle Alternation of generations Independent life stages Based on the number of chromosomes Diploid Haploid Humans 46 chromosomes diploid Diploid 2n n chromosomes from mom n chromosomes from dad Haploid Sperm and Eggs Egg Sperm zygote diploid embryo Plants have independent haploid diploid stages 1 Gametophyte haploid n Bryophyte Dominant 2 Sporophyte diploid 2n Angiosperm Dominant Movement from H2O Land Moisture keeping finding it is important Gravity Support selects for certain structures that increase stability Nutrient water acquisition Diverse climate wind drought Reproduction particularly relative to drying desiccation seeds Predator herbivore Gametophyte Haploid Spores Mitosis Meiosis 2n spore mother cell Sporangia Egg Sperm Fertilization 2n zygote Diploid 2n sporophyte 2n embryo
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